Contents

  • Introduction
  • Learning outcomes
  • 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Origin of the term ‘eutrophication’
    • 1.2 Resource availability and species diversity
    • 1.3 Natural eutrophication
    • 1.4 Human-induced eutrophication
  • 2 Effects of eutrophication
    • Introduction
    • 2.1 Effects on primary producers in freshwater ecosystems
    • 2.2 Effects on consumers in freshwater ecosystems
    • 2.3 Effects on terrestrial vegetation
    • 2.4 Effects on marine systems
  • 3 Causes and mechanisms of eutrophication
    • 3.1 Agents of eutrophication
    • 3.2 Anthropogenic sources of nutrients
    • 3.3 Mechanisms of eutrophication
  • 4 Managing eutrophication
    • Introduction
    • 4.1 Measuring and monitoring eutrophication
    • 4.2 Reducing eutrophication
    • 4.3 Reducing the nutrient source
    • 4.3 Reducing the nutrient source, continued
    • 4.4 Reducing nutrient availability
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Solutions