# References

This free course was written by Annika Mombauer, Vincent Trott and Stuart Mitchell and was first published in December 2023.

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.

The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:

Albertini, L. (1952) The Origins of the First World War. 3 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bonnell, A.G. (2015) ‘New Histories of the Origins of the First World War: What Happened to the “Primacy of Domestic Politics?”’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 61 (1), pp. 121–7.

Clark, C. (2012) The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. London: Penguin.

Fischer, F. (1961) Griff nach der Weltmacht, Düsseldorf, Droste (English translation Germany’s Aims in the First World War. London: Norton & Co 1967)

Jarausch, K. (1973) The Enigmatic Chancellor. Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Fischer, F. (1969) Krieg der Illusionen, Düsseldorf, Droste 1969 (English translation War of illusions. German policies from 1911 to 1914, New York 1975: Norton).

Joll, J. (1984) The Origins of the First World War. Oxford: Routledge. [4th edition, London 2022]

McMeekin, S. (2011) Russia and the Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Mombauer, A. (2002) The Origins of the First World War. Controversies and Consensus. Longman.

Mombauer, A. (ed.) (2013) The Origins of the First World War: Diplomatic and Military Documents. Manchester: Manchester University Press

Mombauer, A. (2015) ‘Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I’, Central European History, 48, pp. 541–64.

Mombauer, A. (2024) The Causes of the First World War. The Long Blame Game. London: Routledge.

Otte, T.G. (2015) July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Patch, H. (2007) The Last Fighting Tommy. London: Bloomsbury.

Images

Session 1

Figure 1: Adrian Sherratt / Alamy Stock Photo

Figure 2: ***Imperial War Museum. © IWM (Art.IWM PST 2763). https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/14592

Figure 3: Unknown author / Digital image Lucius Castus; cropped by Emiya1980. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Figure 4: taken from https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:AnDasDeutscheVolkWilhelm1914.jpg

Figure 5: Popperfoto / Contributor / Getty Images

Figure 6: John Röhl

Figure 7: Courtesy of Annika Mombauer

Figures 8 and 12: Christopher Clark

Figure 9: Annika Mombauer (ed.), The origins of the First World War: Diplomatic and Military Documents, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2013, Doc. No. 120, pp. 192-193.

Figure 10: © Peter Brookes Cartoon, The Times ‘A Blanket Cheque for War’ The Times, Ref 459670

Figure 1: ***Imperial War Museum: © IWM Art.IWM PST 4470;

Session 2

https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/41180

Activity 3: ***Imperial War Museum: © IWM (Art.IWM PST 2763). https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/14592

Activity 5: Baumgarten, Eugen von/ Cornell University – PJ Mode Collection of Persuasive Cartography. Digital image: Historic Images / Alamy Stock Photo

Activity 6: ***Imperial War Museum: © IWM (Art.IWM PST 7194). https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/26583

Figure 5: Life Magazine; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_Magazine_February_10_1916.jpg

Figure 6: photo_beat_back_the_hun_with_liberty_bonds: Strothmann, F. (Frederick), b/ crediting UNT Libraries Rare Book and Texana Collections. © Everett Collection / Shutterstock

Figure 7: ***Imperial War Museum: © IWM Art.IWM PST 0235 https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/25800

Text

Mombauer, A; extract from The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus, Longman 2002

Audio/Visual

Audio of John Röhl: The Open University

Audio of Annika Mombauer: The Open University

Audio of Christopher Clark: The Open University

Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Burger, B.L. (2017), ‘And they thought we wouldn’t fight’: Remembering the nine soldiers in a World War I photograph’, blog, US National Archives Archives “And They Thought We Couldn’t Fight:”* Remembering the Nine Soldiers in a World War I Photograph – Rediscovering Black History (archives.gov).

Campts, T. (2004) ‘“Resonant Echoes”: The Rhineland Campaign and Converging Specters of Racial Mixture’, in Other Germans. Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Available online.

Fogarty, R. (2016) ‘Tirailleurs Sénégalais’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2016-04-01. doi: 10.15463/ie1418.10876

Fogarty, R. and Jarboe, A.T. (2021) ‘Non-European soldiers’, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2021-04-29. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11543.

Harris, S.L. (2003) Harlem’s Hell Fighters. The African-American 369th Infantry in World War 1, Washington D.C, Pontomac Books

McDaniels, P. III (2008) ‘African American Soldiers (USA)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2014-10-08. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10175.

Monahan, A. (2008) ‘I Rember the Day Varry Well. Horace Pippin’s War’, Archives of American Art Journal, 47(3/4), pp. 17–23. Available online.

Mountain Horse, M. (1979) My people, the Bloods. Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute; Standoff: Blood Tribal Council.

Nelson, P.N. (2009) A More Unbending Battle. The Harlem Hellfighters’ Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home, New York, BasicCivitas [Available on Internet Archive]

Olusoga, D. (2014), The World’s War. Forgotten Soldiers of Empire. London: Head of Zeus.

Olusoga, D. (2018) ‘Black soldiers were expendable – then forgettable’, First world war , The Guardian, 11 Nov.

Orosz, K.J. (2017) ‘Propaganda in the Colonies (Africa)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2017-02-21. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11056.

Riseman, N. and Winegard, T.C. (2015) ‘Indigenous Experience of War (British Dominions)’, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2015-02-24. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10563.

Rodman, S. (1947) Horace Pippin, a Negro painter in America. New York: The Quadrangle Press.

Sammons, J.T. and Morrow, J.H. Jr. (2014) Harlem’s Rattlers and the Great War. The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

Sheffer, D.J. (2014) ‘Racism in the armed forces (USA)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2014-10-08. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10470.

Stein, J.E. (1993) ‘An American Original’, in Stein et al (eds), I Tell My Heart: The Art of Horace Pippin. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, pp. 2–43.

Williams, C.L. (2010) Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press.

Horne, J. and Kramer, A. (1994) ‘German “Atrocities” and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of Soldiers’ Diaries’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 1–33.

Horne, J. and Kramer, A. (2002) German Atrocities, 1914. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Keller, U. (2017) Schuldfragen: Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und Deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914, Paderborn, Schöningh

Scianna, B.M. (2017), ‘German Atrocities Revisited’ – conference report. Available at German Atrocities 1914 – Revisited | H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften | Geschichte im Netz | History in the web (hsozkult.de) (Accessed 23 February 2023)

Spraul, G. (2016) Der Franktireurkrieg 1914: Untersuchungen zum Verfall einer Wissenschaft und zum Umgang mit nationalen Mythen, Berlin, Frank & Timme

Wilson, W. (1917) ‘Address to Joint Session of Congress, April 2, 1917’. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

Burger, B.L. (2017), ‘And they thought we wouldn’t fight’: Remembering the nine soldiers in a World War I photograph’, blog, US National Archives Archives “And They Thought We Couldn’t Fight:”* Remembering the Nine Soldiers in a World War I Photograph – Rediscovering Black History (archives.gov).

Campts, T. (2004) ‘“Resonant Echoes”: The Rhineland Campaign and Converging Specters of Racial Mixture’, in Other Germans. Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Available online.

Fogarty, R. (2016) ‘Tirailleurs Sénégalais’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2016-04-01. doi: 10.15463/ie1418.10876

Fogarty, R. and Jarboe, A.T. (2021) ‘Non-European soldiers’, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2021-04-29. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11543.

Harris, S.L. (2003) Harlem’s Hell Fighters. The African-American 369th Infantry in World War 1, Washington D.C, Pontomac Books

McDaniels, P. III (2008) ‘African American Soldiers (USA)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2014-10-08. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10175.

Monahan, A. (2008) ‘I Rember the Day Varry Well. Horace Pippin’s War’, Archives of American Art Journal, 47(3/4), pp. 17–23. Available online.

Mountain Horse, M. (1979) My people, the Bloods. Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute; Standoff: Blood Tribal Council.

Nelson, P.N. (2009) A More Unbending Battle. The Harlem Hellfighters’ Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home, New York, BasicCivitas [Available on Internet Archive]

Olusoga, D. (2014), The World’s War. Forgotten Soldiers of Empire. London: Head of Zeus.

Olusoga, D. (2018) ‘Black soldiers were expendable – then forgettable’, First world war , The Guardian, 11 Nov.

Orosz, K.J. (2017) ‘Propaganda in the Colonies (Africa)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2017-02-21. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11056.

Riseman, N. and Winegard, T.C. (2015) ‘Indigenous Experience of War (British Dominions)’, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2015-02-24. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10563.

Rodman, S. (1947) Horace Pippin, a Negro painter in America. New York: The Quadrangle Press.

Sammons, J.T. and Morrow, J.H. Jr. (2014) Harlem’s Rattlers and the Great War. The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

Sheffer, D.J. (2014) ‘Racism in the armed forces (USA)’ in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia, Berlin 2014-10-08. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10470.

Stein, J.E. (1993) ‘An American Original’, in Stein et al (eds), I Tell My Heart: The Art of Horace Pippin. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, pp. 2–43.

Williams, C.L. (2010) Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press.

Bond, B. (2002) The Unquiet Western Front: Britain’s Role in Literature and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCrae, J. (1915) ‘In Flanders Fields’. Available at: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47380/in-flanders-fields (Accessed 6 March 2023).

Owen, W. (1918) ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, [Poem] in Owen, W. (1920) Poems. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 15.

Pope, J. (1915) ‘The Call’ [online]. Available at https://warpoets.org.uk/worldwar1/blog/poem/the-call/ (Accessed 6 March 2023).

Radio Times (2014) ‘Was Britain right to enter the Great War’, Radio Times, 25 February [online]. Available at https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/was-britain-right-to-enter-the-great-war/ (Accessed 6 March 2023).

Sheffield, G. (2002) Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities, London: Review.

Todman, D. (2005) The Great War: Myth and Memory, London: Continuum.

Winter, J. (1995) Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, H. (2013) ‘As the Centenary Approaches: The Regeneration of First World War Historiography’, The Historical Journal, 56(3), pp. 857-878.

Mommsen, W.J (1990) ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Politics’, Journal of Contemporary History, 25(2/3), pp. 289–316. Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/260734?seq=1 (Accessed: 26 February 2023).

The Open University (n.d.) OU Library, ‘Evaluation using PROMPT’ [Online]. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/libraryservices/beingdigital/activity/XK1087#page1 (Accessed: 26 February 2023).

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Except for third party materials and otherwise, this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence, full copyright detail can be found in the acknowledgements section. Please see full copyright statement for details.