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# Contents

- Introduction
- Learning outcomes
- 1 How to avoid damage when handling photographs
- 2 Background history
  - 2.1 Styles of photograph
    - 2.1.1 Card mounted photographs 1860–c.1914
    - 2.1.2 Postcards c. 1902–1950s
    - 2.1.3 Amateur snapshots 1880s–
  - 2.2 Photographs as primary sources
  - 2.3 Photographs as artefacts
  - 2.4 National variation
- 3 The portrait tradition: ideology
  - 3.1 Introducing ideology in portraiture
  - 3.2 Idealisation
    - Activity 1
  - 3.3 Limited positive characterization
    - Activity 2
  - 3.4 Characterisation and sexual stereotyping
    - 3.4.1 Control of the sitter
    - Activity 3
- 4 The portrait tradition: methodology
  - 4.1 Facial expression
  - 4.2 Pose
    - Activity 8
  - 4.3 Characterisation and sexual stereotyping
  - 4.4 Groups
    - Activity 10
  - 4.5 Touch
  - 4.6 Touch and feeling
  - 4.7 Exceptions
  - 4.8 Backgrounds and accessories
    - Purpose
    - Idealisation
    - 4.8.3 Personal possessions
  - 4.9 Lighting
    - 4.9.1 Natural light
    - 4.9.2 Idealisation
    - 4.9.3 Limited characterisation
  - 4.10 Retouching
  - 4.11 Colouring
  - 4.12 Key concepts
- 5 Camera culture
  - 5.1 Capturing commemorative events
  - 5.2 Records of achievement
  - 5.3 Prized possessions
  - 5.4 Special occasions
  - 5.5 Rites of passage
    - 5.5.1 Christening
    - 5.5.2 Skirts and breeching
    - 5.5.3 Birthdays
    - 5.5.4 Confirmation
  - 5.6 Rites of passage (continued)
    - 5.6.1 Young adults
    - 5.6.2 Engagement and marriage
    - 5.6.3 Honeymoons
    - 5.6.4 Wedding anniversaries
  - 5.7 Rites of passage (continued)
    - Death
    - 5.7.2 Post-mortems
- 6 Portraits in the open air
  - 6.1 The rise of the itinerant photographer
  - 6.2 Street photography
    - 6.2.1 Studio conventions in street photography
    - 6.2.2 Informational content
    - 6.2.3 Groups
  - 6.3 Seaside photography
    - Activity 26
- 7 Writing
- Conclusion
- Keep on learning
- References
- Acknowledgements

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