UKR_1 Introduction to Ukrainian language and culture About this free course This free course is an adapted extract from the Open University course T190 Design practices.. This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device. You can experience this free course as it was originally designed on OpenLearn, the home of free learning from The Open University – https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/design-innovation/algorithmic-design/content-section-0 There you’ll also be able to track your progress via your activity record, which you can use to demonstrate your learning.

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All rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Head of Intellectual Property, The Open University Ласкаво просимо! Laskavo prosimo! Welcome to Introduction to Ukrainian language and culture. This short course does what it says on the tin. It introduces you to Ukrainian language and culture and hopefully makes you curious to find out more. After studying this course, you will be able to: take part in simple conversations with a Ukrainian friend or guest on everyday topics, such as greetings, jobs, families, homes, food, education, health and healthcare understand key elements of Ukrainian culture, such as festivals, music, cuisine, geography and history, including the build-up to the Russian invasion of February 2022 and the resistance of the Ukrainian people use the Knowledge Exchange Forum to access and share practical information about supporting Ukrainian displaced people in the UK. If you wish, you can also: learn the Ukrainian alphabet start learning some Ukrainian grammar. This course also does something else, which sets it apart from other online languages and culture courses. Via two course forums you can communicate with our learning and community advisors and with each other. The Language forum will have a thread for each unit of the course, where you can practise what you have learned each week and ask questions about the language. Our learning and community advisors will respond and your fellow learners may also have tips and advice. The Knowledge exchange forum is where you can post questions, replies and experiences about any aspect of supporting Ukrainian refugees in the UK. Here we can build a supportive online community. Anyone who stands with Ukraine – people hosting displaced Ukrainians, medical professionals, teachers, volunteers, social workers, local authority and government staff, people with Ukrainian friends or partners, those who love learning languages and anyone who wants to know more about Ukrainian culture. You’ll learn to talk about practical everyday topics: greetings, the jobs people do, family life, houses and homes, food and drink, education and health care. With such a wide range of potential learners, the course covers a lot of ground – too much for everyone to learn all of it! This means that you’ll need to make choices.

You can take as much from it as you want or as little as you have time for. Make the course work for you. Set your goals and decide what you need to focus on to meet them. For example:

Example 1	You are hosting Ukrainians and you want to communicate with them and help them feel at home.Learn about Ukrainian culture and the key language in each unit. This will make your guests feel welcome, they can find their way around your house, (Week 3), you can offer them food and a cup of black tea (Week 4) and have a chat about your families and friends (Week 2). If they have school-age children, look at the education section (Week 5). Hopefully, your guests will be fit and well, but just in case, you can learn to understand some common symptoms and pains (Week 5).You could also ask your guests to study parts of the course with you. That will be good for your Ukrainian and their English. In the course resources, you’ll find a document with information about how you can support your guests with learning English.
Example 2	You volunteer at your local foodbank, and you want to make your Ukrainian customers feel welcome.Learn about Ukrainian culture and the key language in each unit – focusing particularly on Week 4 (Food and Drink) and, if you’re short of time, less on houses, homes, education and health.
Example 3	You are a teacher or teaching assistant and you want to help your Ukrainian students settle in.Learn about Ukrainian culture and the key language in each unit, particularly section 5.1 on education. Teach your class to say Ласкаво просимо! Laskavo prosimo! (Welcome) and decorate posters with the words Ласкаво просимо! for display.
Example 4	You are a healthcare professional. Your Ukrainian patients will be reassured if you speak some Ukrainian, especially about tests, diagnoses and treatments. Week 5 is for you, but Week 1 (greetings and professions), Week 2 for chatting about families and Week 4 (in case of food allergies) are also useful.
Example 5	You love learning languages and want to take your Ukrainian learning as far as you can. Learn everything, including grammar and the alphabet.

Online learning is flexible. We have packed a lot in. Think of the five weeks as five units. You don’t have to complete them in 5 weeks. There is no time limit. Keep going over the material until it sticks in your mind.

In general, people learn by doing and the best way to learn a language is to use it. That’s why there are many activities. You can use the audio recorder function to record yourself speaking Ukrainian and then compare your recording with a pre-recorded model answer. The audio recordings are very important. Listen to each one as often as you can and repeat what you hear, a word or a phrase at a time. This is the only way to learn to speak and understand a language. You’ll also find audio recordings of the explanations and commentaries on the dialogues. This gives you extra opportunities to hear the pronunciation and allows you to learn on the go. You’ll still need to spend some quality time learning in a focused manner, but listening while doing chores, commuting or walking the dog will reinforce your learning. You can read transcripts of the audio explanations. Look for green boxes with headings like ‘Let’s look at … more closely. Audio X transcript.’ We have kept the wording of our Ukrainian teacher, Olha, in the written version. You can learn a lot about Ukrainian from the way Ukrainians speak English – for example, that Ukrainian has no word for ‘the’ or ‘a.’ It’s a good idea to download the recordings and keep them all together in a folder or playlist. To download the recordings, just click the download button:

Figure 1: Example of an audio recording

This course is much more than a podcast though. It has online activities and video screencasts. You can access the transcripts for all the recordings. The cultural information (Ukraine Info) is in English. Look for the Ukrainian flag banner.

Figure 2: Ukrainian flag

Look again at the Ukrainian for ‘Welcome’. Ласкаво просимо! Laskavo prosimo! You can see that Ukrainian has its own alphabet, but we have also given a version using the alphabet used for English. This is called the transliteration. Throughout the course, we give this in italics, so you don’t have to learn the Ukrainian alphabet at this stage. You can decide to learn it at any point. It depends on your goals and how much time you have.

There are at least three ways to type in Ukrainian. 1. The easiest is to copy and paste from Google Translate. Always select ‘text only’ when you paste. Otherwise, you will get Google Translate’s formatting. 2. You can also use TypeIt Ukrainian. This gives you a visual keyboard on your screen. You click on the letters and type into the space below the keyboard. Then copy and paste the results into your document. TypeIt uses a keyboard layout based on the Qwerty keyboard, so if you type p, as you would in English, you will get the Ukrainian equivalent п. 3. You can install a Ukrainian keyboard in Settings on your computer. This is probably the best long-term option, but it takes a while to learn. You can buy stickers for your keyboard which have both the English and Ukrainian version of each letter.

Figure 3: Snapshot of a keyboard with both English and Ukrainian letters. Photo of part of a computer keyboard. Each key has the English letter on the top left and the Ukrainian one bottom right.

Because this is a short introductory course, we have tried to take a light touch approach to grammar, and we hope we have succeeded! So please, if the grammar seems too complicated, don’t let it get you down. The most important thing is communication, and you learn to do this by listening and speaking. Facial expression and body language also enhance communication. For experienced language learners, especially if you already know a Slavonic language, you can find even more detailed grammar information on Marta Jenkala’s Read Ukrainian website.

Google Translate gives you generally reliable translations from English into Ukrainian or Ukrainian to English. It makes communication a lot easier and can also help you learn. It uses both the Ukrainian alphabet and transliteration and has recordings for pronunciation.

Ukrainian is such a beautiful language. You’ll enjoy hearing it and gradually understanding more and more. Ukrainian people will be impressed and delighted that you are learning their language, so be proud of your achievements. Get started with Week 1. Welcome to the first week of your Ukrainian course Introduction to Ukrainian language and culture. This week you’ll learn to greet people and other useful phrases for a first conversation. By the end of this week, you should be able to: Introduce yourself and ask somebody’s name in Ukrainian. Greet others, say goodbye, thank you and how you are doing. Say what is your profession and to ask others about theirs. Start to familiarise yourself with the Ukrainian alphabet.

Figure 1: Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine: view of Kyiv city centre and St. Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery from the Church of St. Sophia, Kyiv. Photo of Kyiv city centre. St Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery is blue and gold. There are a large busy square in front, other buildings behind and lots of trees.

Figure 2: Ukraine flags in London Photo of a London street with 4-storey terraced houses. The end house has Union Jack bunting and a large Ukrainian flag on the first floor balcony. The fourth floor window also has a large Ukrainian flag.

Figure 3: The village shop in Litton, Derbyshire, flies the Ukrainian flag and the village has organised many fundraising events to support Ukraine. Photo of a single-storey stone village shop, with a large Ukrainian flag draped over the front.

As you can see from the photos, there is a lot of good will and solidarity with Ukraine in cities and villages around the UK, as in other countries around the world. These days, Ukrainians often use the greeting Слава Україні! Slava Ukraini, which means ‘Glory to Ukraine’. If someone says this to you, you reply: Героям слава! Heroiam slava! or ‘Glory to the heroes.’ Audio 1 Slava Ukraini! Heroiam slava! Audio 1 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Слава Україні!	Slava Ukraini!
Героям слава!	Heroiam slava!

Let’s listen to two people meeting for the first time. Natalia is a Ukrainian refugee and Mary is her English host. We’ll meet them again during the course. Can you work out how to say ‘Good day’ in Ukrainian? Audio 2 NATALIA: Dobryi den! MERI: Dobryi den! NATALIA: Ya Natalia, a vy? MERI: Ya Meri. NATALIA: Duzhe pryiemno! MERI: Meni tezh. Audio 2 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Наталя–Добрий день!	Natalia– Dobryi den!
Мері–Добрий день!	Meri–Dobryi den!
Наталя–Я Наталя, а Ви?	Natalia–Ya Natalia, a vy?
Мері–Я Мері.	Meri–Ya Meri.
Наталя–Дуже приємно!	Natalia–Duzhe pryiemno!
Мері–Мені теж.	Meri–Meni tezh.

Audio 3 Let’s look at the dialogue in Audio 2 in more detail. Dobryi den means ‘good afternoon’. Let’s repeat it together: Dobryi den. Then first person says Ya Natalia, a vy?, which means ‘I am Natalia, and you?’ Ya means ‘I’, vy means ‘you’. And then we hear the answer: Ya Meri, which means ‘I am Mary’. The dialogue continues: Duzhe pryiemno! – ‘Nice to meet you!’ The finishing phrase is Meni tezh – ‘Me too.’ You’ll notice that the word for ‘you’ is vy. Ukrainians often use so called ‘polite plural’ when they address only one person. This shows respect to another person. Polite plural is used when you talk to people who are older than you and pretty often generally to adults. For example, teachers in universities normally address their adult students using vy, while school teachers use ‘normal’ singular ‘you’ –ty when they address children. However, adults use ‘ty’ talking to their friends. Now listen to the dialogue again. Take a closer look (Audio 3 transcript) Let’s look at the dialogue in Audio 2 in more detail. Dobryi den means ‘good afternoon’. Let’s repeat it together: Dobryi den. Then first person says Ya Natalia, a vy?, which means ‘I am Natalia, and you?’ Ya means ‘I’, vy means ‘you’. And then we hear the answer: Ya Meri, which means ‘I am Mary’. The dialogue continues: Duzhe pryiemno! – ‘Nice to meet you!’ The finishing phrase is Meni tezh – ‘Me too.’ You’ll notice that the word for ‘you’ is vy. Ukrainians often use so called ‘polite plural’ when they address only one person. This shows respect to another person. Polite plural is used when you talk to people who are older than you and pretty often generally to adults. For example, teachers in universities normally address their adult students using vy, while school teachers use ‘normal’ singular ‘you’ –ty when they address children. However, adults use ‘ty’ talking to their friends. Now listen to the dialogue again. Table 1: Key language

Ukrainian original	Transliteration	Translation
Добрий день	Dobryi den	Good afternoon
Я	ya	I
ви	vy	You
Дуже приємно	Duzhe pryiemno	Nice to meet you
Мені теж	Meni tezh	Me too

Activity 1: Audio speaking practice 10 minutes A. Now listen to the dialogue and repeat the phrases when you hear gaps. Audio 4 OLENA: Dobryi den! VALENTYNA: Dobryi den! OLENA: Ya Olena, a vy? VALENTYNA: Ya Valentyna. OLENA: Duzhe pryiemno! VALENTYNA: Meni tezh. Audio 4 transcript

Ukrainian	How to say it
Олена– Добрий день!	Olena– Dobryi den!
Валентина– Добрий день!	Valentyna– Dobryi den!
Олена– Я Олена, а Ви?	Olena– Ya Olena, a vy?
Валентина– Я Валентина.	Valentyna– Ya Valentyna.
Олена– Дуже приємно!	Olena– Duzhe pryiemno!
Валентина– Мені теж.	Valentyna– Meni tezh.

B. Now imagine you are meeting a Ukrainian person. Continue the dialogue with me. Say relevant phrases in the gaps. Audio 5 OLENA: Dobryi den! _______ OLENA: Ya Olena, a vy? _______ OLENA: Duzhe pryiemno! _______ Audio 5 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
–Добрий день!	Dobryi den!
_______	_______
–Я Олена, а Ви?	Ya Olena, a vy?
________	________
–Дуже приємно!	Duzhe pryiemno!
__________	__________

Well done. You can listen to the previous recording to hear the answers. C. Match what you hear with the correct translation. You heard option 2. Well done, if you spotted Добрий день! Dobryi den!, ‘Good day’ or ‘Good afternoon,’ and the names Tania and Iryna. Option 1 included the word for ‘Hello,’ which you’ll learn in the next section and the speakers were called Taia and Ira.

Now practise the expressions you have learned so far. You can record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. Activity 2: Compare your pronunciation 20 minutes Imagine you are meeting a Ukrainian person for the first time. You can keep recording over your previous version, until you feel your pronunciation is close to the model answer. You can hear the model answers on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript.

Look at the pictures and see how to greet people at different times of the day: Slide 1 Доброго ранку! Dobroho ranku! Slide 2: Добрий день! Dobryi den! Slide 3: Добрий вечір! Dobryi vechir! Slide 1: Photo of a bright dawn over a cornfield. Slide 2: Photo of a clock on a clock tower against a background of mountains. The time on the clock is ten past four. Slide 3: Photo of a street café in the old city of Lviv in Western Ukraine. It is night time. People are sitting outside a brightly lit café. Table 2: Greetings

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
Доброго ранку!	Dobroho ranku!	Good morning!
Добрий день!	Dobryi den!	Good afternoon!
Добрий вечір!	Dobryi vechir!	Good evening!
Привіт!	Pryvit!	Hello! (informal)
До побачення!	Do pobachennia!	Goodbye!
Па-па! Па!	Pa-pa! Pa!	Bye! (informal)
На добраніч!	Na dobranich!	Good night!

Listen to greetings and ways to say ‘goodbye’ at different times of the day. Audio 11 Dobroho ranku! Dobryi den! Dobryi vechir! Pryvit! Do pobachennia! Pa-pa! Pa! Na dobranich! Audio 12 Among the greetings you have just heard, there is one informal greeting pryvit, used commonly between friends, relatives and young people, in other words, when you greet people whom you address using singular ‘you’ –ty. When you greet someone whom you address with polite plural – vy – use other, neutral greetings, acceptable in all situations: dobroho ranku, dobryi den, dobryi vechir. The same applies to saying ‘goodbye’: informal is pa-pa or simply pa. Do pobachennia can be used in any situation. Take a closer look (Audio 12 transcript) Among the greetings you have just heard, there is one informal greeting pryvit, used commonly between friends, relatives and young people, in other words, when you greet people whom you address using singular ‘you’ –ty. When you greet someone whom you address with polite plural – vy – use other, neutral greetings, acceptable in all situations: dobroho ranku, dobryi den, dobryi vechir. Activity 3: Greetings 10 minutes A. Now listen to greetings and saying ‘goodbye’ and repeat them when you hear gaps. Audio 13 Dobroho ranku!______________ Dobryi den!______________ Dobryi vechir!______________ Pryvit!______________ Do pobachennia!_______________ Pa-pa!_______________ Pa!_______________ Na dobranich!_______________ Audio 13 transcript

Ukrainian	How to say it
Доброго ранку!	Dobroho ranku!
Добрий день!	Dobryi den!
Добрий вечір!	Dobryi vechir!
Привіт!	Pryvit!
До побачення!	Do pobachennia!
Па-па!	Pa-pa!
Па!	Pa!
На добраніч!	Na dobranich!

B. Which of these greetings is informal? Привіт! Pryvit! Доброго ранку! Dobroho ranku! Добрий вечір! Dobryi vechir! The answer is: Привіт! Pryvit! Доброго ранку! Dobroho ranku! means ‘Good morning.’ Добрий вечір! Dobryi vechir! means ‘Good evening.’ C. Which of these is informal? До побачення! Do pobachennia! На добраніч! Na dobranich! Па-па! Pa-pa! The answer is: Па-па! Pa-pa! До побачення! Do pobachennia! means ‘Goodbye.’ На добраніч! Na dobranich! means ‘Goodnight.’

Now have a go at Activity 4. Activity 4: Matching 15 minutes Drag the option to the correct match. Доброго ранку! Dobroho ranku! How would you greet someone at 9am? Добрий день! Dobryi den! How would you greet someone at 12pm? Добрий вечір! Dobryi vechir! How would you greet someone at 8pm? Привіт! Pryvit! How would you greet informally a friend? До побачення! Do pobachennia! How would you say ‘goodbye’? На добраніч! Na dobranich! How would you say ‘good night’? How would you greet someone at 9am? – Доброго ранку! Dobroho ranku! How would you greet someone at 12pm? – Добрий день! Dobryi den! How would you greet someone at 8pm? – Добрий вечір! Dobryi vechir! How would you greet informally a friend? – Привіт! Pryvit! How would you say ‘goodbye’? – До побачення! Do pobachennia! How would you say ‘good night’? – На добраніч! Na dobranich!

Now practise the expressions you have learned in this section. You can record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. Activity 5: Compare your pronunciation 20 minutes You can keep recording over your previous version, until you feel your pronunciation is close to the model answer.

Now let’s find out how to introduce yourself and ask someone’s name using ‘My name is…’ form. You will hear two models – one with ‘polite plural’ and the other one – with ‘normal’ singular.

Figure 4: Informal greeting between a teacher and a child Photo of a teacher greeting a student outside a school.

Audio 21 IVAN: –Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Ivan, a yak Vas zvut? NATALIA: –Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Natalia. IVAN: –Duzhe pryiemno! NATALIA: –Meni tezh! Audio 21 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Іван Добрий вечір, мене звуть Іван, а як Вас звуть?	Ivan Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Ivan, a yak Vas zvut?
Наталя Добрий вечір, мене звуть Наталя.	Natalia Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Natalia.
Іван Дуже приємно!	Ivan Duzhe pryiemno!
Наталя Мені теж!	Natalia Meni tezh!

Figure 5: Formal greeting Photo of two people shaking hands.

Now let’s look at the dialogue in detail. Audio 22 Let’s look at the dialogue in detail. As you already know, dobryi vechir means ‘good evening’. Let’s repeat it together: dobryi vechir. Then first person says mene zvut Ivan, which means ‘my name is Ivan’. Let’s repeat it together: mene zvut Ivan. Then this person says a yak Vas zvut? which means ‘and what is your name?’ Let’s repeat it together: a yak Vas zvut Second person replies: Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Natalia which means ‘good evening, my name is Natalia’. Ivan asks Natalia’s name using ‘polite plural’: Yak Vas zvut? The dialogue continues with two natural phrases: Duzhe pryiemno! – ‘Meni tezh!’ (Nice to meet you! – Me too! Now listen to the dialogue again. Take a closer look (Audio 22 transcript) Let’s look at the dialogue in detail. As you already know, dobryi vechir means ‘good evening’. Let’s repeat it together: dobryi vechir. Then first person says mene zvut Ivan, which means ‘my name is Ivan’. Let’s repeat it together: mene zvut Ivan. Then this person says a yak Vas zvut? which means ‘and what is your name?’ Let’s repeat it together: a yak Vas zvut Second person replies: Dobryi vechir, mene zvut Natalia which means ‘good evening, my name is Natalia’. Ivan asks Natalia’s name using ‘polite plural’: Yak Vas zvut? The dialogue continues with two natural phrases: Duzhe pryiemno! – ‘Meni tezh!’ (Nice to meet you! – Me too! Now listen to the dialogue again.

In the next dialogue, Mary is talking to a child. Listen carefully and try to work out what is different from the previous one. Audio 23 MERI: Pryvit! NATALKA: Pryvit! MERI: Mene zvut Meri, a yak tebe zvut? NATALKA: Mene zvut Natalka. MERI: Duzhe pryiemno! NATALKA: Meni tezh! Audio 23 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мері Привіт!	Meri Pryvit!
Наталка Привіт!	Natalka Pryvit!
Мері Мене звуть Мері, а як тебе звуть?	Meri Mene zvut Meri, a yak tebe zvut?
Наталка Мене звуть Наталка.	Natalka Mene zvut Natalka.
Мері Дуже приємно!	Meri Duzhe pryiemno!
Наталка Мені теж!	Natalka Meni tezh!

Audio 24 Let’s look at the dialogue. Mary is talking to a child. She decided to choose informal way of addressing a child and says Pryvit which is informal for ‘Hello’. Let’s say together: Pryvit! Then Mary introduces herself and asks child’s name: Mene zvut Meri, a yak tebe zvut? You can recognise the answer already: child replies Mene zvut Natalka (‘My name is Natalka’). The dialogue finishes in a classic way: Duzhe pryiemno! – Meni tezh. (‘Nice to meet you!’ – ‘Me too’). You might remember that in the first dialogue of this course there was a conversation between Mary and Natalia. In the last dialogue a child introduces herself as ‘Natalka’. This is the same name, but Ukrainians use a lot of diminutives – forms of words which depict something small or convey a sense of intimacy. Such forms are very common when talking with children. This is why the child replies ‘Natalka’. Please pay attention, that talking to a child, Ukrainians use ‘normal’, singular ‘you’ – ty. Question ‘what’s your name?’ in singular is Yak tebe zvut? Let’s repeat together: Yak tebe zvut? Now listen to the dialogue again. Take a closer look (Audio 24 transcript) Let’s look at the dialogue. Mary is talking to a child. She decided to choose informal way of addressing a child and says Pryvit which is informal for ‘Hello’. Let’s say together: Pryvit!. Then Mary introduces herself and asks child’s name: Mene zvut Meri, a yak tebe zvut?. You can recognise the answer already: child replies Mene zvut Natalka (‘My name is Natalka’). The dialogue finishes in a classic way: Duzhe pryiemno! – Meni tezh. (‘Nice to meet you!’ – ‘Me too’). You might remember that in the first dialogue of this course there was a conversation between Mary and Natalia. In the last dialogue a child introduces herself as ‘Natalka’. This is the same name, but Ukrainians use a lot of diminutives – forms of words which depict something small or convey a sense of intimacy. Such forms are very common when talking with children. This is why the child replies ‘Natalka’. Please pay attention, that talking to a child, Ukrainians use ‘normal’, singular ‘you’ – ty. Question ‘What’s your name?’ in singular is Yak tebe zvut? Let’s repeat together: Yak tebe zvut?. Now listen to the dialogue again. Table 3: Key language

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
Привіт	Pryvit	Hello (informal)
Як вас звуть?	Yak vas zvut?	What is your name? (plural or ‘polite plural’)
Як тебе звуть?	Yak tebe zvut?	What is your name? (singular)
Мене звуть…	Mene zvut…	My name is…

Now practise the expressions you have learned so far. Record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. Activity 6: Compare your pronunciation 20 minutes You can keep recording over your previous version, until you feel your pronunciation is close to the model answer. You can hear the model answers on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript.

The Ukrainian alphabet consists of 33 letters and uses the Cyrillic script. Cyrillic forms the basis of Slavonic languages, such as Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian, as well as other languages spoken in Central, North and East Asia. If you don’t have enough time to learn the alphabet now, don’t worry: we shall provide English transliteration throughout the course. However, it is not that hard to learn this alphabet, and when you learn it, you will be able to read other Cyrillic-based languages like Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian and Belarusian. View from a learner

Figure 6 Image of a speech bubble with the following text: Hi, my name is Caroline and I am learning Ukrainian. To begin with, I didn’t plan to learn the alphabet, but I have found that it helps me to remember words, if I understand how the language is put together. I enjoy puzzling out what the letters mean. It’s like a game.

You’ll learn the alphabet bit by bit. Each week, we’ll cover some different sounds, but if you can’t wait to explore it, here it is in full. Table 4: Ukrainian alphabet

Printed letter	Name	Transcription	Pronounced as
А, а	a	a	a: in balm
Б, б	be	b	b in boy
В, в	ve	v before vowels;w before consonants and in the end of words	v in vasew in will
Г, г	he	h	There is no exact equivalent in English. It is a bit like [h] in house.
Ґ, ґ	ge	gThis sound is very rare in Ukrainian.	g in gas
Д, д	de	d	d in dog
Е, е	e	e	e in best
Є, є	ye	ye	ye in yes
Ж, ж	zhe	zh	zh in pleasure
З, з	ze	z	z in zest
И, и	y	y	y in sit
І, і	i	i	i in wheat, seen
Ї, ї	yi	yi	yi in yeast
Й, й	yo	y before vowel; Short i before consonants and in the end of words	y in York;Short i in my, I.
К, к	ka	k	k in sky
Л, л	el	l	l in lesson
М, м	em	m	m in May
Н, н	en	n	n in note
О, о	o	o	o: in hot
П, п	pe	p	p in sport
Р, р	er	r	r (rolled)
С, с	es	s	s in class
Т, т	te	t	t in top
У, у	u	u	u: in book
Ф, ф	ef	f	f in festival
Х, х	kha	kh	kh as in Scottish loch
Ц, ц	tse	ts	ts in cats
Ч, ч	che	ch	ch in chair
Ш, ш	sha	sh	sh in shout
Щ, щ	shcha	shch	shch in parish church
ь	miakyi znak –soft sign	–	soft sign ‘softens’ previous consonant
Ю, ю	yu	yu or u	yu in Ukraine,u Luke
Я, я	ya	ya or a	ya yak

Watch Video 1 which covers how to pronounce the letters in the Ukrainian alphabet. Video 1 Ukrainian alphabet A, b, v, h, g, d, e, ye, zh, z, y, ee, yi, y, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, oo, f, kh, ts, ch, sh, shch, soft sign (miakyi znak) will be explained later, yu, ya.

This week, we focus on the vowels a, e, i and o. Activity 7: Ukrainian and English words 10 minutes Match Ukrainian and English words. You won’t recognise all of the letters, but you can guess. кафе café театр theatre гітара guitar парк park офіс office The matching pairs are: кафе / café театр / theatre гітара / guitar парк / park офіс / office Well done if you managed to guess! You are attentive!

Asking someone how they are depends on how well you know them. In this section, you learn how to ask and answer this question.

Figure 7: A doctor asking a patient how they are feeling. Photo of a doctor asking a patient how he is feeling.

Figure 8: Two friends greeting each other with a hug Photo of two women greeting each other with a hug.

Let’s start by listening to two friends greeting each other. Audio 30 TANIU: Pryvit, Sofiie! SOFIIE: Pryvit, Taniu! TANIU: Yak spravy? SOFIIE: Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty? TANIU: Nepohano. Audio 30 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Таня Привіт, Софіє!	Tania Pryvit, Sofiie!
Софія Привіт, Таню!	Sofiia Pryvit, Taniu!
Таня Як справи?	Tania Yak spravy?
Софія Дякую, добре, а як ти?	Sofiia Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty?
Таня Непогано.	Tania Nepohano.

Audio 31 Let’s look at the dialogue in detail. Two friends meet and greet each other informally saying Pryvit (‘Hello’). They address each other by names but you might have noticed that they changed last letter in their names: Sofiie instead of Sofiia and Taniu instead of Tania. This is a special grammar form which you shouldn’t worry about. Ukrainians often ignore it (although teachers, including me, disagree with this), so you can just say person’s name as it is. As Sofiia and Tania are friends, they ask each other how they are doing. First person asks Yak spravy? which means ‘How are you?’. Let’s repeat it together: Yak spravy? The other person replies: Diakuiu, dobre (which means ‘Thank you, good’) and asks a yak ty? (which means ‘and how are you?’). The answer is nepohano – ‘not bad’). As you can see, there are two ways of asking how someone is doing. The simplest way is to say Yak vy? (‘polite’ or ordinary plural) and Yak ty? (singular). This literally means ‘How are you?’ Let’s repeat this together: Yak ty?, Yak vy? Another way of asking this is by saying Yak spravy? which literally means ‘How are things (going)?’ Let’s repeat this again: Yak spravy? And a cultural note: Ukrainians ask other people how they are doing only when they are friends and when they are really interested to know the answer. Now listen to the dialogue again. Take a closer look (Audio 31 transcript) Let’s look at the dialogue in detail. Two friends meet and greet each other informally saying Pryvit (‘Hello’). They address each other by names but you might have noticed that they changed last letter in their names: Sofiie instead of Sofiia and Taniu instead of Tania. This is a special grammar form which you shouldn’t worry about. Ukrainians often ignore it (although teachers, including me, disagree with this), so you can just say person’s name as it is. As Sofiia and Tania are friends, they ask each other how they are doing. First person asks Yak spravy? which means ‘How are you?’. Let’s repeat it together: Yak spravy? The other person replies: Diakuiu, dobre (which means ‘Thank you, good’) and asks a yak ty? (which means ‘and how are you?’). The answer is nepohano – ‘not bad’). As you can see, there are two ways of asking how someone is doing. The simplest way is to say Yak vy? (‘polite’ or ordinary plural) and Yak ty? (singular). This literally means ‘How are you?’ Let’s repeat this together: Yak ty?, Yak vy? Another way of asking this is by saying Yak spravy? which literally means ‘How are things (going)?’ Let’s repeat this again: Yak spravy? And a cultural note: Ukrainians ask other people how they are doing only when they are friends and when they are really interested to know the answer. Now listen to the dialogue again. Table 5: Key language

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
Як справи?	Yak spravy?	How are you?
Як ти?	Yak ty?	How are you? (informal)
Як ви?	Yak vy?	How are you? (‘polite’ or plural)
Дякую	Diakuiu	Thank you
Добре	Dobre	Good
Hепогано	Nepohano	Not bad

Now listen to another dialogue. This time, the people don’t know each other so well, so they use the more formal як ви Yak vy? instead of Yak ty? for ‘And you?’ Audio 32 MARTO: Dobroho ranku, Viro! VIRO: Dobroho ranku, Marto! Yak spravy? MARTO: Dobre, diakuiu, a yak vy? VIRO: Tezh nepohano. Audio 32 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мартa Доброго ранку, Віро!	Marta Dobroho ranku, Viro!
Вірa Доброго ранку, Марто!	Vira Dobroho ranku, Marto!
Мартa Як справи?	Marta Yak spravy?
Вірa Добре, дякую, а як Ви?	Vira Dobre, diakuiu, a yak vy?
Мартa Теж непогано.	Marta Tezh nepohano.

Now look at the ways to say how you are feeling, which will help you complete Activity 8. Table 6: Feelings

Facial expression	Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
	Чудово, дякую!	Chudovo	Wonderful, thank you!
	Добре	Dobre	Good, well.
	Нормально	Normalno	Okay
	Непогано	Nepohano	Not bad
	Погано	Pohano	Bad
	Так собі	Tak sobi	So-so

Activity 8: Expressing your feelings 15 minutes A. Now listen to different ways to say how you are feeling and repeat when you hear a gap. Audio 33 Yak spravy? ______________________ Chudovo, diakuiu____________________ Dobre __________________ Normalno __________________ Nepohano ___________________ Pohano ___________________ Tak sobi ___________________ Audio 33 transcript

Ukrainian	How to say it
Як справи?	Yak spravy?
Чудово, дякую!	Chudovo, diakuiu
Добре	Dobre
Нормально	Normalno
Непогано	Nepohano
Погано	Pohano
Так собі	Tak sobi

B. Match the words/feelings to the correct image. The correct matches are: Чудово chudovo (great / happy) погано pohano (bad / sad) нормально normalno (normal / neutral) Well done! Now you can say how you feel!

When you first meet someone, for example at a party, you can take the conversation a step further, by asking about what they do.

Figure 9 Photo of a group of people drinking and dancing at a party.

Audio 34 OLEH: Dobryi den! MARYNA: Dobryi den! OLEH: Mene zvut Oleh, a yak Vas zvut? MARYNA: Mene zvut Maryna. OLEH: Duzhe pryiemno MARYNA: Meni tezh. OLEH: Ya aktor, a yaka vasha profesiia? MARYNA: Ya zhurnalistka. Audio 34 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Олег Добрий день!	Oleh Dobryi den!
Марина Добрий день!	Maryna Dobryi den!
Олег Мене звуть Олег, а як Вас звуть?	Oleh Mene zvut Oleh, a yak Vas zvut?
Марина Мене звуть Марина.	Maryna Mene zvut Maryna.
ОлегДуже приємно.	Oleh Duzhe pryiemno.
Марина Мені теж.	Maryna Meni tezh.
Олег Я актор, а яка Ваша професія?	Oleh Ya aktor, a yaka vasha profesiia?
Марина Я журналістка.	Maryna Ya zhurnalistka.

Audio 35 Let’s have a look at the dialogue. It begins with usual exchange of formal greeting Dobryi den! which you already know. After this first person introduces himself and asks the other person’s name: Mene zvut Oleh, a yak Vas zvut? (‘My name is Oleh, and what is your name?’). The lady replies Mene zvut Maryna, which means ‘My name is Maryna’. After this they exchange polite phrases Duzhe pryiemno – Meni tezh, which means ‘Nice to meet you’ – ‘Me too’. Two next lines in the dialogue contain three words which will give you a clue about the meaning: aktor, profesiia and zhurnalistka. Can you guess their meanings? I hope you recognised words ‘actor’, ‘profession’ and a female journalist. So, let’s go back to the dialogue. Oleh says: Ya aktor, a yaka vasha profesiia? (‘I am an actor, and what is your profession?). This sentence contains two parts: in the first one he says what he is doing and in the second – asks Maryna about her profession. Listen attentively to the first part: Ya aktor. In Ukrainian, verb ‘to be’ is usually not used in present tense, this is the part of Ukrainian grammar which students really like! So, all Oleh says literally means ‘I actor’. In the second part of this sentence Oleh asks key question: ‘Yaka vasha profesiia?’ which means ‘what is your profession?’ Please repeat this once more: Yaka vasha profesiia? And the answer is Ya zhurnalistka ‘I am a female journalist’. Now compare English word ‘journalist’ and Ukrainian zhurnalistka: yes, as you have noticed, -ka is added to this word in Ukrainian, although there was no -ka in the word aktor. -ka is usually added to many professions to denote female ‘doers’. Now listen to the dialogue once again. Take a closer look (Audio 35 transcript) Let’s have a look at the dialogue. It begins with usual exchange of formal greeting Dobryi den! which you already know. After this first person introduces himself and asks the other person’s name: Mene zvut Oleh, a yak vas zvut? (‘My name is Oleh, and what is your name?’). The lady replies Mene zvut Maryna, which means ‘My name is Maryna’. After this they exchange polite phrases Duzhe pryiemno – Meni tezh, which means Nice to meet you – ‘Me too’. Two next lines in the dialogue contain three words which will give you a clue about the meaning: aktor, profesiia and zhurnalistka. Can you guess their meanings? I hope you recognised words ‘actor’, ‘profession’ and a female journalist. So, let’s go back to the dialogue. Oleh says: Ya aktor, a yaka vasha profesiia? (‘I am an actor, and what is your profession?). This sentence contains two parts: in the first one he says what he is doing and in the second – asks Maryna about her profession. Listen attentively to the first part: Ya aktor. In Ukrainian, verb ‘to be’ is usually not used in present tense, this is the part of Ukrainian grammar which students really like! So, all Oleh says literally means ‘I actor’. In the second part of this sentence Oleh asks key question: ‘Yaka vasha profesiia?’ which means ‘what is your profession?’ Please repeat this once more: Yaka vasha profesiia? And the answer is Ya zhurnalistka ‘I am a female journalist’. Now compare English word ‘journalist’ and Ukrainian zhurnalistka: yes, as you have noticed, -ka is added to this word in Ukrainian , although there was no -ka in the word aktor. -ka is added to many professions to denote female ‘doers’. Now listen to the dialogue once again. Table 6: Key language

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
Яка ваша професія?	Yaka vasha profesiia?	What is your profession?
журналістка	zhurnalistka	female journalist

Look at Table 7, covering popular occupations. Table 7: Popular occupations*See Audio 37 for an explanation.

Male	Female	English translation
Школяр shkoliar	школярка shkoliarka	schoolboy / schoolgirl
студент student	студентка studentka	student
учитель uchytel	учителька uchytelka	teacher
лікар likar	лікарка likarka	doctor
медбрат medbrat	медсестра medsestra	nurse
юрист yuryst	юристка yurystka	lawer
актор actor	акторка aktorka	actor
журналіст zhurnalist	журналістка zhurnalistka	journalist
програміст prohramist	програмістка prohramistka	programmer
кухар kukhar	кухарка kukharka*	cook
офіціант ofitsiant	офіціантка ofitsiantka	waiter /waitress
перукар perukar	перукарка perukarka	hairdresser
майстер манікюру maister manikiuru	манікюрниця manikiurnytsia майстер манікюру	nail technician
будівельник budivelnyk	будівельниця budivelnytsia	builder
інженер inzhener	інженерка inzhenerka*	engineer
пенсіонер pensioner	пенсіонерка pensionerka	pensioner
безробітний bezrobitnyi	безробітна bezrobitna	unemployed

Now listen to the pronunciation. I’m going to say the male version first and the female one second for each profession. Try repeating them when you hear a pause. Audio 36 Now listen to the pronunciation. I’m going to say the male version first and the female one second for each profession. Each sentence starts with ya ‘I am.’ Try repeating them when you hear a pause. Я школяр Ya shkoliar Я школярка Ya shkoliarka Я студент Ya student Я студентка Ya studentka Я учитель Ya uchytel Я учителька Ya uchytelka Я лікар Ya likar Я лікарка Ya likarka Я медбрат Ya medbrat Я медсестра Ya medsestra Я юрист Ya yuryst Я юристка Ya yurystka Я актор Ya aktor Я акторка Ya aktorka Я журналіст Ya zhurnalist Я журналістка Ya zhurnalistka Я програміст Ya prohramist Я програмістка Ya prohramistka Я кухар Ya kukhar Я кухарка Ya kukharka Я офіціант Ya ofitsiant Я офіціантка Ya ofitsiantka Я перукар Ya perukar Я перукарка Ya perukarka Я манікюрниця Ya manikiurnytsia Я будівельник Ya budivelnyk Я інженер Ya inzhener Я інженерка Ya inzhenerka Я пенсіонер Ya pensioner Я пенсіонерка Ya pensionerka Я безробітний Ya bezrobitnyi Я безробітна Ya bezrobitna Audio 36 transcript Now listen to the pronunciation. I’m going to say the male version first and the female one second for each profession. Each sentence starts with ya ‘I am.’ Try repeating them when you hear a pause. Table 8: Pronunciation of occupations*See audio explanation in Audio 37.

Я школяр Ya shkoliar	Я школярка Ya shkoliarka
Я студент Ya student	Я студентка Ya studentka
Я учитель Ya uchytel	Я учителька Ya uchytelka
Я лікар Ya likar	Я лікарка Ya likarka
Я медбрат Ya medbrat	Я медсестра Ya medsestra
Я юрист Ya yuryst	Я юристка Ya yurystka
Я актор Ya aktor	Я акторка Ya aktorka
Я журналіст Ya zhurnalist	Я журналістка Ya zhurnalistka
Я програміст Ya prohramist	Я програмістка Ya prohramistka
Я кухар Ya kukhar	Я кухарка Ya kukharka
Я офіціант Ya ofitsiant	Я офіціантка Ya ofitsiantka
Я перукар Ya perukar	Я перукарка Ya perukarka
–––	Я манікюрниця Ya manikiurnytsia
Я будівельник Ya budivelnyk	–––
Я інженер Ya inzhener	Я інженерка Ya inzhenerka*
Я пенсіонер Ya pensioner	Я пенсіонерка Ya pensionerka
Я безробітний Ya bezrobitnyi	Я безробітна Ya bezrobitna

Audio 37 Let’s look closer on these words. As you have noticed, most female versions of professions finish with -ka, like shkoliarka, likarka, perukarka. Some of them end on -nytsia, like in manikiurnytsia. Words shkoliar, shkoliarka resemble English word ‘scholar’ but denote quite different stage of education and mean ‘schoolboy’ and ‘schoolgirl’. Word ‘nurse’ in Ukrainian literally means ‘medical sister’ (medsestra) or ‘medical brother’ (medbrat). Since nail technicians in Ukraine are women (at least I have never seen a male nail technician there), word manikiurnytsia is used in female form, while budivelnyk (‘builder’) is normally used in male form because this job is usually performed by men. Inzhener (‘engineer’) is a foreign word which is normally used in a male form. Many female engineers prefer to be called inzhener, because inzhenerka sounds colloquial. Although women work as cooks, female version of this profession kukharka sounds colloquial and not very respectful, in terms of their professional level as female cooks. Female chefs prefer to be called kukhar as well as their male colleagues. Word перукар perukar comes from Italian where parrucca means wig. I hope these comments will help you to understand and remember names of professions in Ukrainian! Take a closer look (Audio 37 transcript) Let’s look closer on these words. As you have noticed, most female versions of professions finish with -ka, like shkoliarka, likarka, perukarka. Some of them end on -nytsia, like in manikiurnytsia. Words shkoliar, shkoliarka resemble English word ‘scholar’ but denote quite different stage of education and mean ‘schoolboy’ and ‘schoolgirl’. Word ‘nurse’ in Ukrainian literally means ‘medical sister’ (medsestra) or ‘medical brother’ (medbrat). Since nail technicians in Ukraine are women (at least I have never seen a male nail technician there), word manikiurnytsia is used in female form, while budivelnyk (‘builder’) is normally used in male form because this job is usually performed by men. Inzhener (‘engineer’) is a foreign word which is normally used in a male form. Many female engineers prefer to be called inzhener, because inzhenerka sounds colloquial. Although women work as cooks, female version of this profession kukharka sounds colloquial and not very respectful, in terms of their professional level as female cooks. Female chefs prefer to be called kukhar like their male colleagues. Word перукар perukar comes from Italian where parrucca means wig. I hope these comments will help you to understand and remember names of professions in Ukrainian!

Have a go at Activity 9 and look out for male and female endings! Activity 9: Masculine and feminine endings 10 minutes Match the words to the images. Now have a go at Activity 10. Activity 10: Let’s talk! 15 minutes A. Let’s talk! Introduce yourself and say what you are doing. You can follow the example below. Lesia says: Привіт! Мене звуть Леся. Я медсестра. Pryvit! Mene zvut Lesia. Ya medsestra. B. Select the correct answer. Can you remember when formal and informal greetings are used? Is Lesia talking to: an adult a child She uses the informal greeting Привіт! Pryvit! when meeting someone for the first time, so she is talking to a child.

Now practise the expressions you have learned so far. You can record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. Activity 11 Compare your pronunciation 20 minutes Мене звуть Oльга Mene zvut Olha (for example)

Figure 10: Ukraine flag

A good place to start finding out about Ukraine is the BBC website. Each week, we introduce you to a different Ukrainian celebration. We start with

Each week, we introduce you to a different Ukrainian celebration. We start with Vyshyvanka Day. Vyshyvanka (вишиванка) is the Ukrainian word for an embroidered shirt. Ukraine has a very rich tradition of embroidery. Every region of Ukraine has its own designs. Since 2006 the third Thursday in May has been celebrated as Vyshyvanka Day, when people in Ukraine put on vyshyvankas to celebrate this part of their heritage. Gradually, Ukrainians abroad started to organise Vyshyvanka marches in capitals around the world. In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine started, people of different ethnic backgrounds and religions came to support Ukrainians on the Vyshyvanka March in London.

Figure 11: The Vyshyvanka March in London, UK, on Sunday 22 May 2022. Photo of ethnically diverse people on the Vyshyvanka March in London on 22 May 2022, carrying placards. One man holds up a placard saying ‘Stop the genocide in Ukraine.’ His neighbour is wearing a Ukrainian flag and holding up a placard with a photo of tanks and explosions.

Figure 12: The Vyshyvanka March in London, UK, on Sunday 22 May 2022. Photo of a Ukrainian band and people in traditional embroidered shirts at the head of the Vyshyvanka March in London on 22 May 2022. People are carrying Ukrainian blue and yellow flags and placards.

Figure 13: The Vyshyvanka March in London, UK, on Sunday 22 May 2022. Ukrainian band and people in Vyshyvankas at the head of the march. Centre and Right: Photos of ethnically diverse people on the Vyshyvanka March, wearing or carrying Ukrainian flags or placards.

There is so much grief and sadness, since Russia invaded Ukraine. We would like to include a hopeful piece of news each week. This week, our hope story has a vyshyvanka theme:

Figure 14 Photo of six women with flower garlands, necklaces and embroidered shirts or T-shirts, holding a huge vyshyvanka. They are standing in front of a house with the ground floor painted yellow and the first floor painted blue.

Kristina Korniiuk, 34, who is originally from Kyiv and fled Ukraine following the Russian invasion, marks the Ukrainian celebration of Vyshyvanka Day with a giant traditional shirt, near the home of her host in Cambridge. She made the vyshyvanka out of a bed sheet. As you can see, her host painted her house in the Ukrainian colours, blue and yellow, to welcome her.

Introduce yourself in Ukrainian or English. Share with your fellow learners one interesting thing you have learned about Ukraine so far. Please also post any questions you have about the language in this unit. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum Чудово Chudovo – Great! You have completed the first week of your Ukrainian course and you have learned how to greet people, say who you are, how you are feeling and what you do. You can ask people you meet some questions about themselves, and you have started puzzling out the Ukrainian alphabet. Next week, you’ll learn how to tell your Ukrainian friends about your family and find out about theirs. In the meantime, if you have any questions about what you have learned this week, please post them in the discussion forum. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum By the end of this week, you should be able to: Name family members. Use some diminutives. Say ‘excuse me’, ‘sorry’. Use personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). Learn about Ukrainian Easter traditions. Move on with the Ukrainian alphabet.

Figure 1 A photograph of an adult woman and two children sat against a wall with the Ukrainian flag and a box of food in front of them.

This week, you’ll learn how to talk about your relatives in Ukrainian. Here’s another tip from our learner, Caroline.

Figure 2 Speech bubble image with the following text: I just love the sound of Ukrainian. It is the most melodious language I have ever heard. It is not easy to begin with, but, trust me, it does get easier. Think about what you want to achieve. If your aim is to get your ideas across and make people feel welcome, focus on listening and speaking. If you want to take your Ukrainian further or fall in love with the language, as I did, learning some grammar and reading skills will help you progress, but the main thing is always communication.

Let’s start by reading this small text. Natalka, the girl in the photo, introduces herself and her family. Read what she says in Ukrainian or in transliteration and then listen to the recording.

Figure 3 Photo of a young woman hugging two school-age children, a boy and a girl.

Audio 1 NATALKA: Tse ya. Mene zvut Natalka. Ya shkoliarka. Tse Artem. Vin mii brat. Vin tezh shkoliar. Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Iryna. Vona medsestra. Nash tato Oleksandr – likar. Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Artem i ya – v Anhlii. Tse ya. Mene zvut Natalka. Ya shkoliarka. Tse Artem. Vin mii brat. Vin tezh shkoliar. Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Iryna. Vona medsestra. Nash tato Oleksandr – likar. Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Artem i ya – v Anhlii. Audio 1 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Це я. Мене звуть Наталка. Я школярка. Це Артем. Він мій брат. Він теж школяр. Це наша мама, її звуть Ірина. Вона медсестра. Hаш тато Олександр – лікар. Він зараз в Україні, а ми – мама, Артем і я – в Англії.	Tse ya. Mene zvut Natalka. Ya shkoliarka. Tse Artem. Vin mii brat. Vin tezh shkoliar. Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Iryna. Vona medsestra. Nash tato Oleksandr – likar. Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Artem i ya – v Anhlii.

Audio 2 Let’s look closely at this short text. Let me remind you first one grammar peculiarity which you learnt during week 1: in Ukrainian verb ‘to be’ is usually avoided in present tense. So, the text starts with the sentence Tse ya, which means ‘This is me’. Then the speaker introduces herself: Mene zvut Natalka. Ya shkoliarka, which, as you know, means ‘My name is Natalka. I am a schoolgirl.’ She continues: Tse Artem. Vin mii brat. Vin tezh shkoliar, which means ‘This is Artem. He is my brother. He is also a schoolchild.’ Word vin means ‘he’, brat means ‘brother’. mii is masculine form of ‘my’. Please repeat these words: vin, mii. Natalka continues talking about her family: Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Iryna. Vona medsestra. I hope you have guessed the meaning: ‘This is our Mum, her name is Iryna. She is a nurse.’ Obviously, mama means ‘Mum’, nasha is ‘our’ (feminine form), yii zvut Iryna means ‘her name is Iryna’. Vona means ‘she’. Please repeat the pronouns ‘he’ and ‘she’: vin, vona. The girl continues her story and she talks about their father: Nash tato Oleksandr − likar. It means ‘Our dad Oleksandr is a doctor’. Nash is masculine form of the word ‘our’. Last sentence is Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Artem i ya – v Anhlii. It means ‘He is now in Ukraine, and we – mum, Artem and me – in England’. New important words here are zaraz (‘now’) and my (‘we’). Please repeat them after me: zaraz, my. If you listen to the last sentence attentively you will notice that words Ukraina and Anhliia (Ukraine and England) have different ending (-i): Ukraini, Anhlii. Ukrainian is one of the languages in which endings of the words are regularly changed in sentences. Since you are complete beginners, don’t worry much about endings and try hearing the stem of the words and guess their meaning. Take a closer look (Audio 2 transcript) Let’s look closely at this short text. Let me remind you first one grammar peculiarity which you learnt during week 1: in Ukrainian verb ‘to be’ is usually avoided in present tense. So, the text starts with the sentence Tse ya, which means ‘This is me’. Then the speaker introduces herself: Mene zvut Natalka. Ya shkoliarka, which, as you know, means ‘My name is Natalka. I am a schoolgirl.’ She continues: Tse Artem. Vin mii brat. Vin tezh shkoliar, which means ‘This is Artem. He is my brother. He is also a schoolchild.’ Word vin means ‘he’, brat means ‘brother’. mii is masculine form of ‘my’. Please repeat these words: vin, mii. Natalka continues talking about her family: Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Iryna. Vona medsestra. I hope you have guessed the meaning: ‘This is our Mum, her name is Iryna. She is a nurse.’ Obviously, mama means ‘Mum’, nasha is ‘our’ (feminine form), yii zvut Iryna means ‘her name is Iryna’. Vona means ‘she’. Please repeat the pronouns ‘he’ and ‘she’: vin, vona. The girl continues her story and she talks about their father: Nash tato Oleksandr - likar. It means ‘Our dad Oleksandr is a doctor’. Nash is masculine form of the word ‘our’. Last sentence is Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Artem i ya – v Anhlii. It means ‘He is now in Ukraine, and we – mum, Artem and me – in England’. New important words here are zaraz (‘now’) and my (‘we’). Please repeat them after me: zaraz, my. If you listen to the last sentence attentively you will notice that words Ukraina and Anhliia (Ukraine and England) have different ending (-i): Ukraini, Anhlii. Ukrainian is one of the languages in which endings of the words are regularly changed in sentences. Since you are complete beginners, don’t worry much about endings and try hearing the stem of the words and guess their meaning. Activity 1: Who is where? 20 minutes Now match the occupations to the person’s name: школярка shkoliarka Наталка Natalka школяр shkoliar брат Артем brat Artem медсестра medsestra мама Ірина mama Iryna лікар likar тато Олександр tato Oleksandr The matching pairs are: школярка shkoliarka (school girl) / Наталкa Natalka школяр shkoliar (school boy) / брат Артем brat Artem медсестра medsestra (nurse) / мама Ірина mama Iryna лікар likar (doctor) / тато Олександр tato Oleksandr

Now let’s find out about another family. As with the previous activity, you can listen to the audio and read what Mariia says in Ukrainian or transliteration. Audio 3 MARIIA: Tse ya. Mene zvut Mariia. Ya shkoliarka. Tse Oksana, moia sestra.Vona tezh shkoliarka. Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Maryna. Vona uchytelka. Na foto nash tato Bohdan. Vin prohramist, ale zaraz vin soldat. Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Oksana i ya – v Anhlii. Audio 3 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Це я. Мене звуть Марія. Я школярка. Це Оксана, моя сестра. Вона теж школярка. Це наша мама, її звуть Марина. Вона учителька. На фото наш тато Богдан. Він програміст, але зараз він солдат. Він зараз в Україні, а ми – мама, Оксана і я – в Англії.	Tse ya. Mene zvut Mariia. Ya shkoliarka. Tse Oksana, moia sestra. Vona tezh shkoliarka. Tse nasha mama, yii zvut Maryna. Vona uchytelka. Na foto nash tato Bohdan. Vin prohramist, ale zaraz vin soldat. Vin zaraz v Ukraini, a my – mama, Oksana i ya – v Anhlii.

Figure 4 Left: a woman is sitting on a bed, with her arms round two children, both girls. The girl on the left is holding a tablet. The girl on the right is wrapped in a Ukrainian flag. Right: A man in military uniform is sitting at his computer. He has a Ukrainian flag draped over his shoulder.

Now Mariia’s father Bohdan describes his family. Listen and read in Ukrainian or transliteration. Audio 4 BOHDAN: Ya Bohdan. Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moi dity: dochka Mariia i donka Oksana. Zaraz vony v Anhlii. Audio 4 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Я Богдан. Це моя сім'я - дружина Марина та мої діти: дочка Марія і донька Оксана. Зараз вони в Англії.	Ya Bohdan. Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moi dity: dochka Mariia i donka Oksana. Zaraz vony v Anhlii.

Figure 5 Я Богдан.Ya Bohdan Photo of a man in military uniform is sitting at his computer. He has a Ukrainian flag draped over his shoulder.

Figure 6 Bohdan’s family Photo of a woman sitting on a bed, with her arms round two children, both girls. The girl on the left is holding a tablet. The girl on the right is wrapped in a Ukrainian flag. The people are labelled as follows:top: дружина Марина druzhyna Maryna.left child: дочка Марія dochka Mariia.right child: донька Оксана donka Oksana.

Audio 5 In this short audio Bohdan talks about his family. He introduces himself in the basic way: Ya Bohdan (‘I am Bohdan’) and then introduces his wife and kids: Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moi dity: dochka Mariia ta donka Oksana. (‘This is my family – my wife Maryna and my children: daughter Mariia and daughter Oksana’). Let’s look at this sentence closely. First let me explain one difference between English and Ukrainian grammar. English speakers really like using possessive pronouns (words my, your, his, her, our, their) and it sounds obligatory for an English person to say ‘He put his hand into his pocket’. Since it’s not quite common for decent people to put their hands into someone’s pockets, Ukrainians don’t use possessive pronouns when it is not necessary. So, instead of saying ‘He put his hand into his pocket’ a Ukrainian person will normally say ‘He put a hand into a pocket’. It helps to avoid unnecessary words in sentences and sometimes – repetition of the same word in one sentence. Let’s return to the text. Bohdan says: ‘Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moii dity’ (‘This is my family – wife Maryna and my children’). Bohdan could also say: ‘Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta dity’ (‘This is my family – wife Maryna and children’). Possessive pronouns have gender and plural forms in Ukrainian, and we can see ‘my’ in feminine and plural forms: ‘moia’ (feminine) and ‘moii’ (plural). Please repeat these forms after me: ‘moia’_____, ‘moii’ _______. Bohdan talks about his children. He says moi dity, which means ‘my children’. One child is dytyna, please repeat with me dytyna. Plural – ‘children’ – is dity, please repeat dity. Once again: dytyna, dity. Bohdan has two daughters. He calls them dochka Mariia ta donka Oksana. Here you hear two synonyms for ‘daughter’ in Ukrainian, both of them are used frequently: dochka and donka. Please repeat after me: dochka, donka. Last sentence in the text is Zaraz vony v Anhlii (‘Now they are in England’). Let’s repeat together names of Ukraine and England: Ukraina, Anhliia. Take a closer look (Audio 5 transcript) In this short audio Bohdan talks about his family. He introduces himself in the basic way: Ya Bohdan (‘I am Bohdan’) and then introduces his wife and kids: Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moi dity: dochka Mariia ta donka Oksana. (‘This is my family – my wife Maryna and my children: daughter Mariia and daughter Oksana’). Let’s look at this sentence closely. First let me explain one difference between English and Ukrainian grammar. English speakers really like using possessive pronouns (words my, your, his, her, our, their) and it sounds obligatory for an English person to say ‘He put his hand into his pocket’. Since it’s not quite common for decent people to put their hands into someone’s pockets, Ukrainians don’t use possessive pronouns when it is not necessary. So, instead of saying ‘He put his hand into his pocket’ a Ukrainian person will normally say ‘He put a hand into a pocket’. It helps to avoid unnecessary words in sentences and sometimes – repetition of the same word in one sentence. Let’s return to the text. Bohdan says: ‘Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta moii dity’ (‘This is my family – wife Maryna and my children’). Bohdan could also say: ‘Tse moia simia – druzhyna Maryna ta dity’ (‘This is my family – wife Maryna and children’). Possessive pronouns have gender and plural forms in Ukrainian, and we can see ‘my’ in feminine and plural forms: ‘moia’ (feminine) and ‘moii’ (plural). Please repeat these forms after me: ‘moia’_____, ‘moii’ _______. Bohdan talks about his children. He says moi dity, which means ‘my children’. One child is dytyna, please repeat with me dytyna. Plural – ‘children’ – is dity, please repeat dity. Once again: dytyna, dity. Bohdan has two daughters. He calls them dochka Mariia ta donka Oksana. Here you hear two synonyms for ‘daughter’ in Ukrainian, both of them are used frequently: dochka and donka. Please repeat after me: dochka, donka. Last sentence in the text is Zaraz vony v Anhlii (‘Now they are in England’). Let’s repeat together names of Ukraine and England: Ukraina, Anhliia. Activity 2: Look again 10 minutes Now let’s look at the family again from Mariia’s point of view. Can you label the photo? Mariia is on the left, holding the tablet with the photo.

Get practising what you’ve learned with Activity 3. Activity 3: Practise what you’ve learned 10 minutes Match the captions to the images. тато і син tato i syn = father and son мама і дочка mama i dochka = mother and daughter брат і сестра brat i sestra = brother and sister

You have learned a lot of new language in these two sections, but don’t worry, we’ll look at it bit by bit. The key language about Natalka’s and Mariia’s family is in the table below: Table 1 Key language

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
це	tse	this is
мій	mii	my (masc. gender)
брат	brat	brother
наша	nasha	our (fem. gender)
її	yii	her
вона	vona	she
на	na	on
фото	foto	photo
наш	nash	our (masc. gender)
тато	tato	Dad
він	vin	he
зараз	zaraz	now
в	v	in
Україна	Ukraina	Ukraine
ми	my	we
я	ya	I
Англія	Anhliia	England

Now we meet English host Mary again. Today, she is out shopping. She meets her new Ukrainian friend Olena, who lives nearby. Olena is with her family, who Mary has not met before. Audio 6 MERI: Pryvit, Oleno! OLENA: Pryvit, Meri! MERI: Yak spravy? OLENA: Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty? MERI: Tezh dobre. Vybach, a khto tse? OLENA: Tse moia mama, Oleksandra, i mii brat Oleh. MERI: Duzhe pryiemno. A khto vony? OLENA: moia mama – uchytelka, a mii brat – shkoliar. MERI: Harna simia! OLENA: Diakuiu! Audio 6 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мері Привіт, Олено!	Meri Pryvit, Oleno!
Оленa Привіт, Мері!	Olena Pryvit, Meri!
Мері Як справи?	Meri Yak spravy?
Оленa Дякую, добре, а як ти?	Olena Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty?
Мері Теж добре. Вибач, а хто це?	Meri Tezh dobre. Vybach, a khto tse?
Оленa Це моя мама, Олександра, і мій брат Олег.	Olena Tse moia mama, Oleksandra, i mii brat Oleh.
Мері Дуже приємно. А хто вони?	Meri Duzhe pryiemno. A khto vony?
Оленa Моя мама – учителька, а мій брат – школяр.	Olena moia mama – uchytelka, a mii brat – shkoliar.
Мері Гарна сімʼя!	Meri Harna simia!
Оленa Дякую!	Olena Diakuiu!

Audio 7 Now let’s look at this dialogue closely. It starts with phrases already known to you: with informal greetings – Pryvit, Oleno! – Pryvit, Meri! – which shows that two friends have met. It continues with usual phrase Yak spravy? ‘How are you?’ Olena answers: Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty? which means ‘Thank you, I am good, and how are you?’ Mary answers: Tezh dobre. It means ‘I am also good.’ And here Mary has noticed some people with Olena and she asks: Vybach, a khto tse? ‘Excuse me, and who is this?’ Let’s repeat this together: Vybach, a khto tse? Vybach means ‘excuse me’ and ‘sorry’. This is normal singular. Its plural form is vybachte. Please repeat once again: vybach, vybachte. Olena introduces her family: Tse moia mama, Oleksandra, i mii brat Oleh, which means ‘This is my Mum Oleksandra and my brother Oleh’. Mary says Duzhe pryiemno. A khto vony? (‘Nice to meet! And who are they?’) Olena says that her mother is a teacher, and her brother is a schoolboy. Mary finishes with Harna simia! This means ‘nice family.’ Now listen to the dialogue once again. Take a closer look (Audio 7 transcript) Now let’s look at this dialogue closely. It starts with phrases already known to you: with informal greetings – Pryvit, Oleno! – Pryvit, Meri! – which shows that two friends have met. It continues with usual phrase Yak spravy? ‘How are you?’ Olena answers: Diakuiu, dobre, a yak ty? which means ‘Thank you, I am good, and how are you?’ Mary answers: Tezh dobre. It means ‘I am also good.’ And here Mary has noticed some people with Olena and she asks: Vybach, a khto tse? ‘Excuse me, and who is this?’ Let’s repeat this together: Vybach, a khto tse? Vybach means ‘excuse me’ and ‘sorry’. This is normal singular. Its plural form is vybachte. Please repeat once again: vybach, vybachte. Olena introduces her family: Tse moia mama, Oleksandra, i mii brat Oleh, which means ‘This is my Mum Oleksandra and my brother Oleh’. Mary says Duzhe pryiemno. A khto vony? (‘Nice to meet! And who are they?’) Olena says that her mother is a teacher, and her brother is a schoolboy. Mary finishes with Harna simia! This means ‘nice family.’ Now listen to the dialogue once again. Formal or informal you? As you have seen in the last dialogue, Mary and Olena use informal way of communication: they say to each other ‘pryvit’ and singular ‘ty’. This implies that they have met and agreed to use informal ‘ty’. Usually the older person makes the first step by asking ‘Можна на ти?’ ‘Mozhna na ty?’ This means ‘May I say ty?’ Audio 8 Mozhna na ty?

You may have noticed that Olena says мій брат mii brat but моя сестра moia sestra, so there are (at least) two words for ‘my’ in Ukrainian. If you look back at sections 2 and 3, Natalka also talks about мій брат mii brat, Bohdan talks about моя дружина moia druzhyna. These are all examples of possessive pronouns and they change according to the gender of the noun they describe. You don’t need to learn them all at once. Table 2: ‘my’ in Ukrainian

	Word for my	Example	Translation
with masculine nouns	мій mii	мій брат mii brat	my brother
with feminine nouns	моя moia	моя сестра moia sestra	my sister
with plural masculine and feminine nouns	мої moi	мої дітиmoi dity	my children

Audio 9 mii brat moia sestra moi dity Now listen to the pronunciation. Audio 9 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
мій брат	mii brat
моя сестра	moia sestra
мої діти	moi dity

Activity 4: Select missing information 15 minutes Choose the correct word for ‘my’ from the dropdown menu. You can work either on the Ukrainian alphabet or on the transliterated version or both. Now try the same activity, using the Ukrainian alphabet. To complete this section, here is a list of close family members. You can hear the pronunciation on Audio 10 below. Audio 10 transcript: Key language for talking about close family.

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
тато	tato	dad
мама	mama	mum
чоловік	cholovik	husband
дружина	druzhyna	wife
дочка / донька	dochka / donka	daughter
син	syn	son
брат	brat	brother
сестра	sestra	sister

Audio 10 Let’s check the words for close family members: tato dad, mama mum, cholovik husband, druzhyna wife, dochka / donka daughter, syn son, brat brother, sestra sister

You will now explore personal pronouns. Table 4: Personal pronouns in Ukrainian

Я ya	I	ми my	we
ти ty	you (sing.)	ви vy	you (pl.)
він vinвона vonaвоно vono	hesheit	вони vony	they

Figure 7 You (ty) and I (vy)

Figure 8 He and She

Figure 9 You and They

Figure 10 It and We

Activity 5: Complete the sentences 15 minutes Audio 11 Listen and repeat personal pronouns when you hear gaps. Ya ___, ty_____, vin _____,vona ______, vono ______, my ______, vy ______, vony _____. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct pronoun from the drop-down menu. You can do this activity with the Ukrainian alphabet or the transliteration – or both.

Now practise the expressions you have learned so far. Activity 6: Voice recorder 20 minutes You can record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. You can keep recording over your previous recordings until you are satisfied that your pronunciation is close to the model answer. There are model answers on the recordings and a written version in the transcript.

Ukraine info: family networks in Ukraine

Figure 11 Ukraine flag

Extended family ties are greatly valued in Ukraine. The average family has one or two children. Because of the high cost of housing, most young people live with their parents. A lot of young people prefer to study in universities in the cities they come from and continue living with their parents, which helps to save on rent. Quite often they live with their parents after graduation. Older people are treated with love and respect. Many elderly parents live with their adult children, and often help with childcare. When grandparents live in the country and adult children live in the city, the grandchildren may live with the grandparents for several weeks during the summer. Adult children care for aging parents when it becomes necessary. Culture Grams World Edition (2011)

To help you learn the names of all your family members, watch and listen to this short video as often as you need to. Repeating the words out loud will help you learn them. Video 1 Family screencast simia tаtо mama dochka syn sestra brat cholovik druzhyna babusia onuk (vnuk) didus onuchka (vnuchka) khlopets i divchyna divchyna khlopets divchynka khlopchyk rodyna didus babusia mama tаtо onuchka onuk

Table 5 and Audio 18 transcript: Wider family and friends

Ukrainian	Transliteration	Translation
батько	batko	father
мати	maty	mother
дідусь	didus	grandfather
бабуся	babusia	grandmother
онук (внук)	onuk (vnuk)	grandson
онучка (внучка)	onuchka (vnuchka)	granddaughter
дядько	diadko	uncle
тітка	titka	aunt
чоловік	cholovik	man / husband
жінка / дружина	zhinka	woman / wife
хлопець	khlopets	boy / boyfriend
хлопчик	khlopchyk	(small) boy*
дівчина	divchyna	girl / girlfriend
дівчинка	divchynka	(small) girl*
сусід	susid	male neighbour
сусідка	susidka	female neighbour
колега	koleha	colleague
сімʼя	simia	close family
родина	rodyna	wider family

**Words хлопчик khlopchyk and дівчинка divchynka were formed as diminutives from хлопець khlopets and дівчина divchyna. They denote younger boys and girls (approximately till 13 years old). Audio 18 Now listen and repeat after me. You’ll hear and practise the language for both close family and wider family members. batko father maty mother didus grandfather babusia grandmother onuk grandson onuchka granddaughter diadko uncle titka aunt cholovik man /husband zhinka / druzhyna woman / wife khlopets boy / boyfriend khlopchyk (small) boy divchyna girl / girlfriend divchynka (small) girl syn son dochka / donka daughter brat brother sestra sister susid male neighbour susidka female neighbour koleha colleague simia (close) family rodyna (wider) family

Now have a go at Activity 7. Activity 7: Match it up 15 minutes Match the image to the correct term. Think about whether the image depicts родина/rodyna or сімʼя/simya. Now match the English with the Ukrainian. granddaughter онучка onuchka grandfather дідусь didus grandmother бабуся babusia aunt тітка titka husband чоловік cholovik grandson онук onuk Very well done if you got all of these pairs. Well done if you matched some of them. granddaughter / онучка onuchka grandfather / дідусь didus grandmother / бабуся babusia aunt / тітка titka husband / чоловік cholovik grandson / онук onuk

Activity 8: Expressions 15 minutes Now practise the expressions you have learned so far. You can record yourself, listen back and compare your pronunciation with the model answers on the recording. You can keep recording over your previous recordings until you are satisfied that your pronunciation is close to the model answer. There are model answers on the recordings and a written version in the transcript. Keep practising until you are happy with your pronunciation.

You’ll make some interesting noises this week, as you will be learning vowel sounds. I hope you can find somewhere quiet, where you can say them loudly.

Figure 12 Image of the vowels in Ukrainian: а, о, у, е, і, и.

Audio 25 There are 6 vowels in Ukrainian: а, о, у, е, і, и. Audio 25 transcript There are 6 vowels in Ukrainian: а, о, у, е, і, и. Audio 26 The Ukrainian letter y looks like the lower-case English letter y, but it is a false friend. In Ukrainian it indicates sound oo. Now listen to the sound again. It is the same sound as in the English word ‘book.’ The last of the vowels looks like a mirror reflection of upper-case N in English, but in fact it is a vowel. Listen to this sound again and repeat after me: и and once again и. There is no exact equivalent in English, but it is close to ‘i’ in ‘sit.’ Let’s look at the letters more closely The Ukrainian letter y looks like the lower-case English letter y, but it is a false friend. In Ukrainian it indicates sound oo. Now listen to the sound again. It is the same sound as in the English word ‘book.’ The last of the vowels looks like a mirror reflection of upper-case N in English, but in fact it is a vowel. Listen to this sound again and repeat after me: и and once again и. There is no exact equivalent in English, but it is close to ‘i’ in ‘sit.’ Activity 9: Listen and repeat 10 minutes Listen and repeat to train your face muscles for the pronunciation. Read the table at the same time. You will hear the sounds read in columns. Audio 27 Listen and repeat to train your face muscles for the pronunciation. Read the table at the same time. You will hear the sounds read in columns. To practise a а – о – а а – у – а а – е – а а – і – а To practise o о – а – о о – а – о о – е – о о – і – о о – и – о To practise y у – а – у у – о – а у – е – у у – і – у у – и – у To practise e е – а – е е – о – е е – у – е е – і – е е– и – е To practise i і – а – і і – о – і і – у – і і – е – і і – и – і To practise и и – а – и и – о – и и – у – и и – е – и и – і – и Listen and repeat to train your face muscles for the pronunciation. Read the table at the same time. You will hear the sounds read in columns. Audio 27 transcript

To practise a	To practise o	To practise y	To practise e	To practise i	To practise и
а – о – а	о – а – о	у – а – у	е – а – е	і – а – і	и – а – и
а – у – а	о – у – о	у – о – а	е – о – е	і – о – і	и – о – и
а – е – а	о – е – о	у – е – у	е – у – е	і – у – і	и – у – и
а – і – а	о – і – о	у – і – у	е – і – е	і – е – і	и – е – и
а – и – а	о – и – о	у – и – у	е– и – е	і – и – і	и – і – и

You can hear the pronunciation on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript. Activity 10: Can you hear the difference? 15 minutes Listen attentively. Can you hear the difference? Repeat after me. Audio 28 Listen attentively. Can you hear the difference? Repeat after me. Ти – тут, ви – звуть. Ty – tut, vy – zvut. Well done if you spotted the difference between у and и! Audio 28 transcript Listen attentively. Can you hear the difference? Repeat after me. Ти – тут, ви – звуть. Ty – tut, vy – zvut. Well done if you spotted the difference between у and и! You can hear the pronunciation on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript.

These are four letters in Ukrainian alphabet which also mark vowels. Letter ї always indicates two sounds – [yi]: consonant [y] and vowel [i] – [yi] as in English ‘yeast’. Letters я, ю and є can mark either two sounds: [ya], [yu] and [ye] – OR one vowel [a], [u] and [e] after so called ‘soft’ consonant. Activity 11: Listen and repeat 20 minutes Part 1 Listen and repeat to train your face muscles and get used to pronouncing these sounds. Audio 29 а – я –а а – я – я я – а – я е – є – е е – є – є є – е – є і – ї – і і – ї – ї ї – і – ї у – ю – у у – ю – ю ю – у - ю Audio 29 transcript

а – я –а	а – я – я	я – а – я
е – є – е	е – є – є	є – е – є
і – ї – і	і – ї – ї	ї – і – ї
у – ю – у	у – ю – ю	ю – у - ю

Part 2 Audio 30 [read in columns] я – ю – є – ї я – у – е – и и – е – и – е а – ю – є – ї а – ю – е – и ї – ї – є – є я – у – є – ї я – у – е – і є – ї – є – ї я – у – е – ї я – і – е – ї е – и – е – и я – ю – є – і я – і – е – и і – и – е – є а – у – е – і я – ю – е – и и – і – ї – є Audio 30 transcript

я – ю – є – ї	я – у – е – и	и – е – и – е
а – ю – є – ї	а – ю – е – и	ї – ї – є – є
я – у – є – ї	я – у – е – і	є – ї – є – ї
я – у – е – ї	я – і – е – ї	е – и – е – и
я – ю – є – і	я – і – е – и	і – и – е – є
а – у – е – і	я – ю – е – и	и – і – ї – є

You can hear the pronunciation on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript. Part 3 Audio 31 Let’s read together personal pronouns! Я, ти, він, вона, воно, ми, ви, вони. Ya, ty, vin, vona, vono, my, vy, vony. (I, you (sing.), he, she, it, we, you (pl.), they). Audio 31 transcript Let’s read together personal pronouns! Я, ти, він, вона, воно, ми, ви, вони. Ya, ty, vin, vona, vono, my, vy, vony. (I, you (sing.), he, she, it, we, you (pl.), they). You can hear the pronunciation on the recording and there is a written version in the transcript.

This week, you’ll find out how Ukrainians celebrate Easter and about the Scottish charity, Dnipro Kids.

Figure 13 Easter eggs hand-painted by our course author Olha An image of hand-painted egg shells.

One of the most beautiful Easter traditions is the decoration, during Lent, of eggs called pysanky (plural of pysanka), from the verb pysaty, to write. This tradition dates back to pre-Christian times, with every motif and design having a symbolic meaning.

The majority of Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. The biggest Orthodox feast is Easter (‘Velykden’). The Ukrainian churches (both the Orthodox Church and the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine), belong to the group of churches who celebrate Easter on a different day from the West. Eastern Churches (Orthodox and Greek Catholic) have four periods of fasting. The most important of these is Lent. It starts seven weeks before Easter and it is a time when quite a lot of Ukrainian Orthodox Christians and Greek Catholics abstain from animal-based food. Palm Sunday is called ‘Willow Sunday’ (‘Verbna nedilia’) in Ukraine. People come to churches with branches of willow, which are blessed by the priest. Palms grow in Crimea, but in other parts of Ukraine this warmth-loving plant can be seen only in botanical gardens, so Ukrainians use willows, which commonly grow all over Ukraine.

Figure 14 People bring willow branches to church for blessing on Palm Sunday Photo of many people holding out willow branches to be blessed by a priest in the open air.

During Holy Week Ukrainians prepare to celebrate what, for Christians, is the biggest day in a year: spring-clean their homes and cook special food. Two most important foods for Easter are ‘paska’ (sweet bread) and ‘krashanky’, hard-boiled eggs dyed in onion peel (which make eggs brown) or in artificial dyes (red, green, yellow and blue). One of the most loved Ukrainian traditions is blessing baskets with Easter food in churches late on Saturday and early on Sunday morning, straight after the four-hours long night service. The baskets contain animal-based food from which Orthodox Christians and Greek Catholics try abstaining during Great Lent: ‘paska’ (Easter bread of brioche type), ‘krashanky’ (dyed hard-boiled eggs), butter, cheese, sausages, cooked meat – and salt and horseradish or ready horseradish sauce to accompany them. In other words, people bring their Easter breakfast to be blessed. At the start of the Easter meal ‘egg fights’ often take place. The winner is the person whose egg does not crack after hitting another person’s egg, or after being hit by it. Instead of saying ‘hello’ people greet each other with words ‘Khrystos Voskres!’ – ‘Voistynu Voskres!’ which means ‘Christ Is Risen!’ – ‘He Is Risen Indeed!’ Audio 32 Khrystos Voskres! Voistynu Voskres! Audio 32 transcript

Христос Воскрес!	Khrystos Voskres!
Воістину Воскрес!	Voistynu Voskres!

Figure 15 The blessing of Easter baskets Photo of people with Easter baskets. They are outside in the dark. The baskets are all lit by candles.

The charity Dnipro Kids was founded in 2005, when Hibernian FC played a UEFA Cup match in the Ukrainian city of Dnipro. They started by collecting donations to help local orphans, before war was on anyone’s mind. After the Russian invasion, the charity brought more than 50 children and their orphanage mums to Scotland, where they are now living in Edinburgh. ‘It is a beautiful city and very nice people,’ said one of the older children. ‘But I miss my home very much. I worry a lot because war takes a lot of innocent lives and I hope that all the people I love and care about will be safe. I miss Dnipro and I hope to go back soon.’ Scotland offers sanctuary, until it is safe to return. The children are learning English, but their connection to Ukraine is kept alive, among other things through online lessons provided to displaced children by the Ukrainian authorities.

Figure 16 Easter Road Stadium, Edinburgh. Scotland UK. 15th May 22 Hibernian fans welcome youngsters from Dnipro Kids to Easter Road to watch the final match of the season.

Find out more about Ukrainian Easter traditions and pysanky on Internet and watch videos on YouTube explaining how they are made. Write in the forum interesting facts about pysanky and Easter in Ukraine. And if you try making pysanky yourself or cooking paska, please share a photo on forum and a paska recipe! You can also post the Ukrainian word for three family members in the forum, either using the Ukrainian alphabet or transliteration. Read what your fellow learners have written. This will help you to learn vocabulary. Don’t forget to post any language-related questions you may have here as well. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum Чудово Chudovo – Great! You’ve learned a lot of new language this week, to help you tell your Ukrainian friends about your family and find out about theirs. They will be impressed and delighted that you are taking the trouble to learn Ukrainian. Next week, you’ll learn to talk about your home in Ukrainian. By the end of this week, you should be able to: Name rooms in houses or flats, furniture and home appliances. Say please, yes, no. Ask ‘do you have…?’ Learn how to invite someone to your home. Use some possessive pronouns (my, your…) Learn about the geography and people of Ukraine. Discover Ukrainian Christmas traditions. Move on with the Ukrainian alphabet. Let’s start with some key words: дім dim means ‘home’ and динок budynok means ‘house’. Many people live in a flat квартира kvartyra.

Figure 1 Photo of flats in the city of Kharkiv.

Viktoriia and her son Danylo are now refugees in the UK. Listen to her describing her flat in Kharkiv, Ukraine. You can also read what she says. Audio 1 Dobryi den! Mene zvut Viktoriia, moia profesiia – uchytelka. Zaraz ya i mii syn Danylo v Anhlii, a mii cholovik Oleksandr – v Ukraini. Nash dim – u misti Kharkiv. Tam nasha kvartyra. U kvartyri try kimnaty: vitalnia, spalnia, kimnata syna, kukhnia, vanna i tualet. U vitalni ye balkon. Audio 1 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Добрий день! Мене звуть Вікторія, моя професія – учителька.	Dobryi den! Mene zvut Viktoriia, moia profesiia – uchytelka.
Зараз я і мій син Данило в Англії, а мій чоловік Олександр – в Україні. Наш дім – у місті Харків. Там наша квартира.	Zaraz ya i mii syn Danylo v Anhlii, a mii cholovik Oleksandr – v Ukraini. Nash dim – u misti Kharkiv. Tam nasha kvartyra.
У квартирі три кімнати: вітальня, спальня, кімната сина, кухня, ванна і туалет. У вітальні є балкон.	U kvartyri try kimnaty: vitalnia, spalnia, kimnata syna, kukhnia, vanna i tualet. U vitalni ye balkon.

Audio 2 You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Let’s look at this text closely. I hope you can translate its beginning. The text starts with usual greeting and introducing herself by the speaker: Dobryi den! Mene zvut Viktoriia, moya profesiia – uchytelka (‘Good afternoon! My name is Viktoriia and my profession is a teacher’). She continues: Zaraz ya i mii syn Danylo v Anhlii, a mii cholovik Oleksandr – v Ukraini. (‘Now I and my son Danylo are in England, and my husband Oleksandr is in Ukraine’). After this Viktoriia says: Nash dim – u misti Kharkiv, which means ‘Our home is in the city of Kharkiv’. Nash means ‘our’, dim means ‘home’, nash dim is ‘our home’. Please repeat after me: nash dim ___________. And once again: nash dim _________. Viktoriia carries on: Tam nasha kvartyra, which means ‘Our flat is there’. Tam means ‘there’. Please repeat after me: tam_____, and once again: tam____. Nasha kvartyra means ‘our flat’. Please repeat: nasha kvartyra _____________. You may wonder why Viktoriia said nash dim but nasha kvartyra. The answer is simple: Dim is a masculine noun, and kvartyra is the feminine one. Possessive pronouns have to agree in gender with nouns. Nash is a masculine form and nasha is the feminine one. So, let’s repeat together: nash dim ____________, nasha kvartyra ________________. Viktoriia describes her flat. She says: U kvartyri try kimnaty: vitalnia, spalnia, kimnata syna, kukhnia, tualet i vanna which means ‘There are three rooms in the flat: living room, bedroom, our son’s room, kitchen, toilet and a bathroom’. Let’s look attentively into this sentence. Unlike in England where property description starts with the number of bedrooms, Ukrainians count general number of rooms in it since it gives you a better sense of the property’s size (obviously, an office can be easily converted into a bedroom or vice versa). Viktoriia says: U kvartyri try kimnaty (literally – ‘in the flat three rooms’). Please repeat: U kvartyri try kimnaty __________________, u kvartyri try kimnaty ____________________. Kimnaty is plural of kimnata (‘room’). Please repeat singular and plural of this word: kimnata _____________, kimnaty _____________. In the very beginning of this phrase she says u kvartyri which means ‘in the flat’. You might have noticed that usual ending -a in the word kvartyra was changed to -i: u kvartyri, like in phrases ‘v Ukraini’, ‘v Anhlii’. As I said you earlier, don’t worry about endings at this stage but don’t be surprised to hear different endings! After this phrase Viktoriia lists all the rooms: vitalnia ________ (‘living room’), spalnia __________ (bedroom), kimnata syna ____________ (‘our son’s room’), kukhnia __________(kitchen), vanna _________ (bathroom) and tualet __________ (toilet). Viktoriia finishes her story with the sentence: U vitalni ye balkon, which means ‘There is a balcony off the living-room’. You can see word ye in this sentence. This is present tense of the verb ‘to be’ which as you probably remember is usually omitted in Ukrainian. Now listen to this text once again. Take a closer look (Audio 2 transcript) You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Let’s look at this text closely. I hope you can translate its beginning. The text starts with usual greeting and introducing herself by the speaker: Dobryi den! Mene zvut Viktoriia, moya profesiia – uchytelka (‘Good afternoon! My name is Viktoriia and my profession is a teacher’). She continues: Zaraz ya i mii syn Danylo v Anhlii, a mii cholovik Oleksandr – v Ukraini. (‘Now I and my son Danylo are in England, and my husband Oleksandr is in Ukraine’). After this Viktoriia says: Nash dim – u misti Kharkiv, which means ‘Our home is in the city of Kharkiv’. Nash means ‘our’, dim means ‘home’, nash dim is ‘our home’. Please repeat after me: nash dim ___________. And once again: nash dim _________. Viktoriia carries on: Tam nasha kvartyra, which means ‘Our flat is there’. Tam means ‘there’. Please repeat after me: tam_____, and once again: tam____. Nasha kvartyra means ‘our flat’. Please repeat: nasha kvartyra _____________. You may wonder why Viktoriia said nash dim but nasha kvartyra. The answer is simple: Dim is a masculine noun, and kvartyra is the feminine one. Possessive pronouns have to agree in gender with nouns. Nash is a masculine form and nasha is the feminine one. So, let’s repeat together: nash dim ____________, nasha kvartyra ________________. Viktoriia describes her flat. She says: U kvartyri try kimnaty: vitalnia, spalnia, kimnata syna, kukhnia, tualet i vanna which means ‘There are three rooms in the flat: living room, bedroom, our son’s room, kitchen, toilet and a bathroom’. Let’s look attentively into this sentence. Unlike in England where property description starts with the number of bedrooms, Ukrainians count general number of rooms in it since it gives you a better sense of the property’s size (obviously, an office can be easily converted into a bedroom or vice versa). Viktoriia says: U kvartyri try kimnaty (literally – ‘in the flat three rooms’). Please repeat: U kvartyri try kimnaty __________________, u kvartyri try kimnaty ____________________. Kimnaty is plural of kimnata (‘room’). Please repeat singular and plural of this word: kimnata _____________, kimnaty _____________. In the very beginning of this phrase she says u kvartyri which means ‘in the flat’. You might have noticed that usual ending -a in the word kvartyra was changed to -i: u kvartyri, like in phrases ‘v Ukraini’, ‘v Anhlii’. As I said you earlier, don’t worry about endings at this stage but don’t be surprised to hear different endings! After this phrase Viktoriia lists all the rooms: vitalnia ________ (‘living room’), spalnia __________ (bedroom), kimnata syna ____________ (‘our son’s room’), kukhnia __________(kitchen), vanna _________ (bathroom) and tualet __________ (toilet). Viktoriia finishes her story with the sentence: U vitalni ye balkon, which means ‘There is a balcony off the living-room’. You can see word ye in this sentence. This is present tense of the verb ‘to be’ which as you probably remember is usually omitted in Ukrainian. Now listen to this text once again. Table 1: Key language for talking about where you live

Ukrainian word	Transliteration	English translation
дім	dim	home
місто	misto	city, town
квартира	kvartyra	flat
кімната	kimnata	room
три	try	three
вітальня	vitalnia	living room
спальня	spalnia	bedroom
кухня	kukhnia	kitchen
ванна	vanna	bathroom
туалет	tualet	toilet
балкон	balkon	balcony

Listen to their conversation. Audio 3 Pryvit, Viktoriie! O, Meri, pryvit! Yak spravy? Dobre, diakuiu, a yak ty? Tezh nepohano. Chy ye novyny? Meri, Danylo uzhe v shkoli! Tse chudovo! Harna novyna! Tak, my tezh duzhe radi! Prykhodte v hosti! Diakuiu! Audio 3 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мері Привіт, Вікторіє!	Meri Pryvit, Viktoriie!
Вікторія О, Мері, привіт!	Viktoriia O, Meri, pryvit!
Мері Як справи?	Meri Yak spravy?
Вікторія Добре, дякую, а як ти?	Viktoriia Dobre, diakuiu, a yak ty?
Мері Теж непогано. Чи є новини?	Meri Tezh nepohano. Chy ye novyny?
Вікторія Мері, Данило уже в школі!	Viktoriia Meri, Danylo uzhe v shkoli!
Мері Це чудово! Гарна новина!	Meri Tse chudovo! Harna novyna!
Вікторія Так, ми теж дуже раді!	Viktoriia Tak, my tezh duzhe radi!
Мері Приходьте в гості!	Meri Prykhodte v hosti!
Вікторія Дякую!	Viktoriia Diakuiu!

Audio 4 Now let’s take a closer look at this dialogue. It starts with informal greetings used by friends: Pryvit, Viktoriie! – O, Meri, pryvit! (‘Hello Viktoriia! – Oh, Mary, hello!’), Yak spravy? – ‘How are you?’. Viktoriia replies Dobre, diakuiu, a yak ty? (‘I am good, thank you, and how are you?’) Mary replies: Tezh nepohano. Yaki novyny? (‘Also not bad. Are there any news?’) Let’s repeat this question together: Chy ye novyny? _______________ Viktoriia happily replies: Meri, Danylo uzhe v shkoli! which means ’Mary, Danylo is already in the school!’ Mary replies: Tse chudovo! Harna novyna! (‘It’s wonderful! Good news!’) Novyna is singular of ‘news’, and novyny are ‘news’ in plural. Let’s repeat these words: novyna _____________, novyny _____________. Viktoriia expresses their feelings too: Tak, my tezh duzhe radi! (‘Yes, we are also very happy‘). Radi is plural of the word radyi (’happy’). At the end of the dialogue Mary invites Viktoriia and Danylo to her home. She says: Prykhodte v hosti! (which literally means ‘come into guests’) Please repeat after me: ‘Prykhodte v hosti!’ ____________________ . Viktoriia replies: ‘Diakuiu!’ Now listen to the dialogue once again. Take a closer look (Audio 4 transcript) Now let’s take a closer look at this dialogue. It starts with informal greetings used by friends: Pryvit, Viktoriie! – O, Meri, pryvit! (‘Hello Viktoriia! – Oh, Mary, hello!’), Yak spravy? – ‘How are you?’. Viktoriia replies Dobre, diakuiu, a yak ty? (‘I am good, thank you, and how are you?’) Mary replies: Tezh nepohano. Yaki novyny? (‘Also not bad. Any news?’) Let’s repeat this question together: Chy ye novyny? _______________ Viktoriia happily replies: Meri, Danylo uzhe v shkoli! which means ’Mary, Danylo is already in the school!’ Mary replies: Tse chudovo! Harna novyna! (‘It’s wonderful! Good news!’) Novyna is singular of ‘news’, and novyny means ‘news’ in plural. Let’s repeat these words: novyna _____________, novyny _____________. Viktoriia expresses their feelings too: Tak, my tezh duzhe radi! (‘Yes, we are also very happy‘). Radi is plural of the word radyi (’happy’). At the end of the dialogue Mary invites Viktoriia and Danylo to her home. She says: Prykhodte v hosti! (which literally means ‘come in as guests’) Please repeat after me: ‘Prykhodte v hosti!’ ____________________ . Viktoriia replies: ‘Diakuiu!’ Now listen to the dialogue once again. Table 2: Key language for chatting and invitations

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
новини / новина	novyny / novyna	news (pl. / sing.)
школа	shkola	school
раді	radi	glad, happy (pl.)
приходьте в гості	prykhodte v hosti	come to my place.

Figure 2 Photo of a detached house with bay windows, a balcony and garden with a very neat lawn. The architecture is typical of houses built in Britain in the 1930s.

Now listen to Mary showing Viktoriia around her house. Audio 5 VIKTORIIA: Dobryi den, Meri! MERI: Pryvit, Viktoriie! VIKTORIIA: Mozhna zaity? MERI: Tak, zvychaino! Laskavo prosymo! Diakuiu za kvity! VIKTORIIA: Duzhe harnyi budynok! MERI: Diakuiu, prokhod! Tse vitalnia, dali – yidalnia, kukhnia, kabinet i tualet. VIKTORIIA: O, yak harno! MERI: Dali skhody. Uhori spalni і vanna. Tam ye balkon. VIKTORIIA: U tebe chudovyi budynok! A u vas ye sad? MERI: Tak, sad i kvitnyk. Khodimo v sad! VIKTORIIA: Ty i tvii cholovik – chudovi hospodari! MERI Diakuiu! Audio 5 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Вікторія Добрий день, Мері!	Viktoriia Dobryi den, Meri!
Мері Привіт, Вікторіє!	Meri Pryvit, Viktoriie!
Вікторія Можна зайти?	Viktoriia Mozhna zaity?
Мері Так, звичайно! Ласкаво просимо! Дякую за квіти!	Meri Tak, zvychaino! Laskavo prosymo! Diakuiu za kvity!
Вікторія Дуже гарний будинок!	Viktoriia Duzhe harnyi budynok!
Мері Дякую, проходь! Це вітальня, далі – їдальня, кухня, кабінет і туалет.	Meri Diakuiu, prokhod! Tse vitalnia, dali – yidalnia, kukhnia, kabinet i tualet.
Вікторія О, як гарно!	Viktoriia O, yak harno!
Мері Далі сходи. Угорі спальні і ванна. Там є балкон.	Meri Dali skhody. Uhori spalni і vanna.Tam ye balkon.
Вікторія У тебе чудовий будинок! А у вас є сад?	Viktoriia U tebe chudovyi budynok! A u vas ye sad?
Мері Так, сад і квітник. Ходімо в сад!	Meri Tak, sad i kvitnyk. Khodimo v sad!
Вікторія Ти і твій чоловік – чудові господарі!	Viktoriia Ty i tvii cholovik – chudovi hospodari!
Мері Дякую!	Meri Diakuiu

Now listen to the audio explanation. Audio 6 Let’s look at this dialogue closely. Viktoriia pops to Mary’s home. The dialogue starts with classic greetings: Dobryi den, Meri! – Pryvit, Viktoriie! Then Viktoriia says: Mozhna zaity? which means ‘May I come in?’. Please repeat once again: Mozhna zaity? Mary replies: Tak, zvychaino! Laskavo prosymo! Diakuiu za kvity! which means ‘Yes, of course! Welcome! Thank you for the flowers!’ Let’s repeat these three sentences slowly together: Tak, zvychaino! __________________(‘Yes, of course!’), Tak, zvychaino! ______________. The next phrase is ‘Welcome’: Laskavo prosymo!_________________,Laskavo prosymo! ___________ And last sentence – ‘Thank you for the flowers!’: Diakuiu za kvity! __________________, Diakuiu za kvity! ________________. Viktoriia expresses her first impression of Mary’s house: Duzhe harnyi budynok! which means ‘Very nice house!’ Harnyi is ‘nice, beautiful’, budynok is ‘house’. Let’s repeat these words together: harnyi____________, budynok ______________; harnyi budynok. Mary replies: Diakuiu, prokhod! which means ‘Thank you, come in!’ New word for you here is prokhod (‘come in!’). This is singular form. Plural form is Prokhodte. Let’s repeat these words together: prokhod ____________(singular), prokhodte _____________(plural). After this Mary shows her house to Viktoriia. Let’s see how she is doing this. Mary says: Tse vitalnia, dali – yidalnia, kukhnia, kabinet i tualet, which means ‘This is a living-room, then there’s the dining-room, kitchen, office and a toilet’. Viktoriia replies: O, yak harno! which means ‘Oh, how nice!’ Mary continues her home tour: Dali skhody. Uhori spalni і vanna, which means ‘Further on are the stairs. Bedrooms and a bathroom are upstairs.’ Let’s look at this attentively. Dali skhody literally means ‘further stairs’. Then Mary says: Uhori spalni i vanna which means ‘There are bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs.’ Mary finishes her tour: Tam ye balkon which means ‘There is a balcony there’. Tam means ‘there’. Let’s repeat this word: tam ____, tam _____. Let’s return to the last sentence again: Tam ye balkon. Ye is present tense of the verb to be in Ukrainian (the same form for all persons, both singular and plural). I hope you remember that usually verb ‘to be’ is avoided in Ukrainian in present tense. It is used to stress presence of something or having something. Viktoriia replies: U tebe chudovyi budynok! which means ‘You have a wonderful house!’ and asks: A u vas ye sad? (‘Do you have a garden?’) Mary replies: Tak, sad i kvitnyk. Khodimo v sad! (‘Yes, a garden and a flowerbed. Let’s go to the garden!’). Useful new word for you here is khodimo (‘let’s go!’). Please repeat it with me: khodimo _______, khodimo _________. Looking at the garden, Viktoriia says: Ty i tvii cholovik – chudovi hospodari! (‘You and your husband are wonderful homemakers!’) Hospodari is plural of hospodar – a person who leads a family, a household, or a homemaker. Mary replies: Diakuiu! (‘Thank you!’) Now listen to the dialogue once again. Take a closer look (Audio 6 transcript) You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Let’s look at this dialogue closely. Viktoriia pops to Mary’s home. The dialogue starts with classic greetings: Dobryi den, Meri! – Pryvit, Viktoriie! Then Viktoriia says: Mozhna zaity? which means ‘May I come in?’. Please repeat once again: Mozhna zaity? Mary replies: Tak, zvychaino! Laskavo prosymo! Diakuiu za kvity! which means ‘Yes, of course! Welcome! Thank you for the flowers!’ Let’s repeat these three sentences slowly together: Tak, zvychaino! __________________(‘Yes, of course!’), Tak, zvychaino! ______________. The next phrase is ‘ Welcome’: Laskavo prosymo!_________________,Laskavo prosymo! ___________ And last sentence – ‘Thank you for the flowers!’: Diakuiu za kvity! __________________, Diakuiu za kvity! ________________. Viktoriia expresses her first impression of Mary’s house: Duzhe harnyi budynok! which means ‘Very nice house!’ Harnyi is ‘nice, beautiful’, budynok is ‘house’. Let’s repeat these words together: harnyi____________, budynok ______________;harnyi budynok. Mary replies: Diakuiu, prokhod! which means ‘Thank you, come in!’ New word for you here is prokhod (‘come in!’). This is singular form. Plural form is Prokhodte. Let’s repeat these words together: prokhod ____________(singular), prokhodte _____________(plural). After this Mary shows her house to Viktoriia. Let’s see how she is doing this. Mary says: Tse vitalnia, dali – yidalnia, kukhnia, kabinet i tualet, which means ‘This is a living-room, then there’s the dining-room, kitchen, office and a toilet’. Viktoriia replies: O, yak harno! which means ‘Oh, how nice!’ Mary continues her home tour: Dali skhody. Uhori spalni і vanna, which means ‘Further on are the stairs. Bedrooms and a bathroom are upstairs.’ Let’s look at this attentively. Dali skhody literally means ‘further stairs’. Then Mary says: Uhori spalni i vanna which means ‘There are bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs.’ Mary finishes her tour: Tam ye balkon which means ‘There is a balcony there’. Tam means ‘there’. Let’s repeat this word: tam ____, tam _____. Let’s return to the last sentence again: Tam ye balkon. Ye is present tense of the verb to be in Ukrainian (the same form for all persons, both singular and plural). I hope you remember that usually verb ‘to be’ is avoided in Ukrainian in present tense. It is used to stress presence of something or having something. Viktoriia replies: U tebe chudovyi budynok! which means ‘You have a wonderful house!’ and asks: A u vas ye sad? (‘Do you have a garden?’) Mary replies: Tak, sad i kvitnyk. Khodimo v sad! (‘Yes, a garden and a flowerbed. Let’s go to the garden!’). Useful new word for you here is khodimo (‘let’s go!’). Please repeat it with me: khodimo _______, khodimo _________. Looking at the garden, Viktoriia says: Ty i tvii cholovik – chudovi hospodari! (‘You and your husband are wonderful homemakers !’) Hospodariis plural of hospodar – a person who leads a family, a household, or a homemaker. Mary replies: Diakuiu! (‘Thank you!’) Now listen to the dialogue once again. Now listen to the key language for welcoming a person to your home and read the language and translation in the table below. Table 3 and Audio 7 transcript: Key language for welcoming someone to your home

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Можна зайти?	Mozhna zaity?	May I come in?
Так, звичайно!	Tak, zvychaino!	Yes, of course!
Ласкаво просимо!	Laskavo prosymo!	Welcome!
Квіти	kvity	flowers
гарно	harno	nice, good
далі	dali	further
там	tam	there
ходімо	khodimo	let’s go
чудові господарі	chudovi hospodari	wonderful homemakers

Audio 7 Mozhna zaity? May I come in? Tak, zvychaino! Yes, of course! Laskavo prosymo! Welcome! kvity flowers harno nice, good dali further tam there khodimo let’s go chudovi hospodari wonderful homemakers

To help you learn the language for talking about houses and homes, watch and listen to this short video as often as you need to. Repeating the words out loud will help you learn them. Video 1 Houses and homes: Learn how to talk about houses and homes in Ukrainian. Budynok house, dim home, kvartyra flat, spalnia, vitalnia, kukhnia, vanna, balkon, skhody, vitalnia, spalnia, vanna, kimnaty, yidalnia, kabinet, kukhnia.

Figure 3 Speech bubble: Tip from a learner Bring your language learning into your daily life. Write the Ukrainian words for rooms and parts of the house on sticky notes and stick them to the door of each room, so you see them when you go in and out. If you are hosting a refugee, write the English as well, to help your guest learn English.

Listen and repeat the language in the table below – out loud if possible, to help you learn the pronunciation. Table 4 and Audio 8 transcript: Key language for talking about your home

Ukrainian	Transliteration	translation
будинок	budynok	house
квартира	kvartyra	flat
кімната	kimnata	room
вітальня	vitalnia	living room
їдальня	yidalnia	dining room
спальня	spalnia	bedroom
кабінет	kabinet	office / study
кухня	kukhnia	kitchen
ванна	vanna	bathroom
туалет	tualet	toilet
балкон	balkon	balcony
сходи	skhody	stairs
вгорі / угорі	vhori / uhori	upstairs
внизу / унизу	vnyzu / unyzu	downstairs
сад	sad	fruit garden, orchard
город	horod	vegetable garden
квітник	kvitnyk	flower bed

Listen and repeat names of accommodation and rooms in Ukrainian. You can use pause button if necessary. Audio 8 Listen and repeat names of accommodation and rooms in Ukrainian. You can use pause button if necessary. budynok house kvartyra flat kimnata room vitalnia living room yidalnia dining room spalnia bedroom kabinet office / study kukhnia kitchen vanna bathroom tualet toilet balkon balcony skhody stairs vhori / uhori upstairs vnyzu / unyzu downstairs sad fruit garden, orchard horod vegetable garden kvitnyk flowerbed

Now listen to the recordings and answer the questions. Then check your answer with the model answer on the recording. Audio 10: model answer Так. Це вітальня. Tak, tse vitalnia. Audio 12: model answer Це вітальня? Tse vitalnia? Audio 14: model answer Ні. Це кабінет. Ni. Tse kabinet. Audio 16: model answer Так. Це спальня. Tak. Tse spalnia.

Figure 4 Speech bubble: Tip from a learner You don’t have to learn every word. Just choose the most relevant for you and your situation. Don’t forget to use sticky notes for the words you decide to learn.

You can hear the language in the tables below on the recording. Try to repeat it out loud as much as possible. Audio 17 dyvan sofa; stilets chair; stil table; krislo arm-chair, chair; shafa wardrobe; lizhko bed; komod chest of drawers; tumbochka bedside table. Pobutova tekhnika Home appliances lampa lamp; televizor TV set; kholodylnyk refrigerator; fen hair-dryer; chainyk kettle, tea-pot; mikrokhvylova pich (mikrokhvylovka) microwave oven (microwave). Table 5: Меблі Mebli Furniture

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
диван	dyvan	sofa
стілець	stilets	chair
стіл	stil	table
крісло	krislo	armchair, chair
шафа	shafa	wardrobe
ліжко	lizhko	bed
комод	komod	chest of drawers
тумбочка	tumbochka	bedside table

Table 6: Побутова техніка Pobutova tekhnika Home appliances

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
лампа	lampa	lamp
телевізор	televizor	TV set
холодильник	kholodylnyk	refrigerator
фен	fen	hairdryer
чайник	chainyk	kettle, tea-pot
мікрохвильова піч (мікрохвильовка)	mikrokhvylova pich(mikrokhvylovka)	microwave oven(microwave)

You can read them at the same time and see the translation if you wish. Audio 18 Номер один Nomer odyn (Number 1) Скажіть, будь ласка, у вас є лампа? –Так, є. –Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye lampa? –Tak, ye. Audio 18 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер один	Nomer odyn	Number one
Скажіть, будь ласка, у вас є лампа?	Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye lampa?	Tell me, please, do you have a lamp?
Так, є.	Tak, ye.	Yes, I do.

Audio 19 Номер два Nomer dva (Number 2) Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є фен? –Ні, вибач. –Skazhy, budlaska, utebe ye fen? –Ni,vybach. Audio 19 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер два	Nomer dva	Number two
Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є фен?	Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye fen?	Tell me, please, do you have a hairdryer?
Ні, вибач.	Ni, vybach.	No, sorry.

Audio 20 Номер три Nomer try (Number 3) Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є праска? Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye praska? Так, є. Tak, ye. Audio 20 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер три	Nomer try	Number three
Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є праска?	Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye praska?	Tell me, please, do you have an iron?
–Так, є.	Tak, ye.	Yes, I do.

Audio 21 Номер чотири Nomer chotyry (Number 4) Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є подушка? Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye podushka? Так, є. Tak, ye. Audio 21 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер чотири	Nomer chotyry	Number four
Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є подушка?	Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye podushka?	Tell me, please, do you have a pillow?
Так, є.	Tak, ye.	Yes, I do.

Audio 22 Номер пʼять Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є ковдра? Так, є. Nomer piat (pronounced as p-yat) Number five Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye kovdra? Tell me, please, do you have a duvet? Tak, ye. Yes, I do Audio 22 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер пʼять	Nomer piat (pronounced as p-yat)	Number five
Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є ковдра?	Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye kovdra?	Tell me, please, do you have a duvet?
Так, є.	Tak, ye.	Yes, I do.

Audio 23 Номер шість Nomer shist. (Number 6) Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є шампунь? Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye shampun? Так, є. Tak, ye. Audio 23 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Номер шість	Nomer shist	Number six
Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є шампунь?	Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye shampun?	Tell me, please, do you have shampoo?
Так, є.	Tak, ye.	Yes, I do.

Audio 24 These short dialogues contain really useful phrases. Now let’s take a close look at them. The first dialogue starts with the question Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye lampa? which means ‘Can you please tell me, do you have a lamp?’ The beginning of this sentence – skazhit, bud laska literally means ‘tell please’. Let’s repeat this together: Skazhit, bud laska. Second part of this sentence is u vas ye lampa?which means ‘do you have a lamp?’. So, remember: when you want to ask someone if they have something, you should say u vas ye…? and name an object /family member etc. Let’s repeat this together: u vas ye lampa? Skazhit and u vas are plural forms. Both can be used as polite plural when talking to one person or as ‘normal’ plural. The second dialogue is very similar but it is in singular. First person asks: Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye fen? which means ‘can you tell me please, do you have a hair-dryer?’ Let’s repeat this together in singular: Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye fen? In the third dialogue, the guest is asking for praska, an iron, in the fourth one for a pillow, podushka. In the fifth dialogue, they ask for a duvet, kovdra, and in the sixth one for shampoo, shampun. The phrases Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye or Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye are not just useful for asking for things you need. Now imagine you want to ask someone if they have a brother or a sister. How would you do this? You can say: Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye sestra? Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye brat? Finally, you may have noticed that we have included the dialogue numbers in Ukrainian. You can see numbers 1 to 6 below. один odyn one; два dva two; три try three; чотири сhotyry four; пʼять piat five; шість shist six. Now listen to the dialogues again. Take a closer look (Audio 24 transcript) You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! These short dialogues contain really useful phrases. Now let’s take a close look at them. The first dialogue starts with the question Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye lampa? which means ‘Can you please tell me, do you have a lamp?’ The beginning of this sentence – skazhit, bud laska – literally means ‘tell please’. Let’s repeat this together: Skazhit, bud laska_____________. Second part of this sentence is u vas ye lampa? which means ‘do you have a lamp?’. So, remember: when you want to ask someone if they have something, you should say u vas ye…? and name an object /family member etc. Let’s repeat this together: u vas ye lampa? _____________. Skazhit and u vas are plural forms. Both can be used as polite plural when talking to one person or as ‘normal’ plural. The second dialogue is very similar but it is in singular. First person asks: Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye fen? which means ‘can you tell me please, do you have a hair-dryer?’ Let’s repeat this together in singular: Skazhy, bud laska, ___________ , u tebe ye fen?__________ In the third dialogue, the guest is asking for praska, an iron, in the fourth one for a pillow, podushka. In the fifth dialogue, they ask for a duvet, kovdra, and in the sixth one for shampoo, shampun. The phrases Skazhit, bud laska, u vas yeor Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe yeare not just useful for asking for things you need. Now imagine you want to ask someone if they have a brother or a sister. How would you do this? You can say: ‘Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye sestra?’_________________ ‘Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye brat?’ _____________________. Finally, you may have noticed that we have included the dialogue numbers in Ukrainian. You can see numbers 1 to 6 in table 7 below.

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
один	odyn	one
два	dva	two
три	try	three
чотири	сhotyry	four
пʼять	piat ((pronounced as p-yat)	five
шість	shist	six

Now listen to the dialogues again.

Activity 1 10 minutes Choose the name for each item from the dropdown menu. Шампунь shampun = shampoo Фен fen = hairdryer Праска praska = iron подушка podushka = pillow Лампа lampa = lamp Чайник chainyk = teapot, kettle.

In the recordings which follow, a guest is asking their host if they have certain things. Activity 2 20 minutes Listen and match each recording to the correct question. Listen as many times as you need to. Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є праска? / Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye praska? The guest is asking for an iron. Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є шампунь? / Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye shampun? The guest is asking for shampoo. Скажи, будь ласка, у тебе є фен? / Skazhy, bud laska, u tebe ye fen? The guest is asking for a hairdryer. Скажіть, будь ласка, у вас є лампа? / Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye lampa? The guest is asking for a lamp. Скажіть, будь ласка, у вас є подушка? / Skazhit, bud laska, u vas ye podushka? The guest is asking for a pillow.

Figure 5

Let’s talk about geography now! Ukraine is a unitarian state which consists of 24 regions (they are called ‘oblast’ in Ukrainian), Autonomous Republic of Crimea and two cities with special status – Kyiv and Sevastopol.

The geography of Ukraine is very varied. As well as steppes and fertile arable lands, ideal for grain farming, there are two mountain ranges, the Carpathian and Crimean Mountains. The river Dnipro flows through the centre of Ukraine. Sadly, at the moment, Ukrainian cities and regions are often in the news. Look at the map to find out where they are. Then listen and repeat to learn how to pronounce Ukrainian place names, so your Ukrainian friends will understand.

Figure 6

Table 8 – Key cities in Ukraine

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
1. Київ – (це) столиця України.	Kyiv – (tse) stolytsia Ukrainy.	Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine.
2.Схід України – (це) Харків, Донецьк, Луганськ.	Skhid Ukrainy – (tse) Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk.	In the east of Ukraine are Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk.
3.Південь України – це Крим, Херсон, Одеса, Миколаїв.	Pivden Ukrainy – tse Krym, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv.	In the south of Ukraine are Crimea, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv.
4. Захід України – це Львів, Тернопіль, Івано-Франківськ, Чернівці, Ужгород.	Zakhid Ukrayiny – tse Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Uzhhorod.	In the west of Ukraine are Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Uzhhorod.
5. Північ України – це Рівне, Житомир, Київ, Чернігів і Суми.	Pivnich Ukrainy – tse Rivne, Kyiv, Chernihiv i Sumy.	In the north of Ukraine are Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Chernihiv and Sumy.
6. Центр України – це Черкаси і Кропивницький.	Tsentr Ukrainy – tse Cherkasy i Kropyvnytskyi.	In the centre of Ukraine are Cherkasy and Kropyvnytskyi.

Audio 31 1. Kyiv – (tse) stolytsia Ukrayiny. 2. Skhid Ukrainy – (tse) Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk. 3. Pivden Ukrainy – tse Krym, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv. 4. Zakhid Ukrainy – tse Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Uzhhorod. 5. Pivnich Ukrainy – tse Rivne, Kyiv, Chernihiv i Sumy. 6. Tsentr Ukrainy – tse Cherkasy i Kropyvnytskyi. Now watch the video about Ukraine’s geography. Pause and repeat the language to fix it in your mind. Video 2 Geography The geography of Ukraine: its neighbouring countries, key towns and cities. Ukraine’s neighbours: Polshcha, Bilorus, Rosiia, Slovachchyna, Uhorshchyna, Rumuniia, Moldova – Ukraine’s neighbours. Pivnich, Skhid, Pivden, Zakhid. Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Krym, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Lviv, Ternopil, Chernyvtsi, Uzhhorod, Rivne, Sumy, Chernihiv.

Ukraine is an ethnically diverse nation. Around 80% of the population identify as ethnic Ukrainian. There are also many minority communities, including Russians, Poles, Jews, Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Romanians, Armenians and others. There are also migrants from further afield, for example Africa, the Middle East, Vietnam. In 2021, approximately 70% of the population was living in urban areas. However, there are still many rural communities and traditional village life continues – as you can see in this video about the traditional lifestyle of Hutsul weavers in the Carpathian Mountains. Video 3 Ukrainian mountain weavers refuse to surrender their traditions in war or peace (The Open University is not responsible for external content.) The Ukrainian population is overwhelmingly Christian, predominantly belonging to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, whilst 8 – 10% of the population are Ukrainian Greek Catholics. There are also Jewish and Muslim communities, each accounting for less than 1% of the population. Information from The World Bank and Statista.

This week you will learn letters – ‘false friends’− which look like some English letters but which represent different sounds. You will also learn ‘soft sign’ and ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ consonants. So, let’s start!

There are several letters in the Ukrainian alphabet which look like English letters but which are pronounced differently. These are: в, н, р, с, х, у. Last week you were learning vowels and hopefully you can read Ukrainian letter у correctly already: y [u] __. There is one more letter which resembles English letter b but which is written slightly differently: this is ь (soft sign), and you will learn what it is used for this week. Audio 32 Read, listen and repeat after me. в Ва – авво – овву – ув  ве – ев  ви – ивві – ів н на – анно – онну – унне – енни – инні – ін р ра - ар ро – орру – урре – ерри – иррі – ір с са – ас со – ос су – ус се – ес си – ис сі – іс х ха – ах хо – ох ху - ух хе – ех хи – их хі – іх Audio 32 transcript: read, listen and repeat.

в	Ва – ав	во – ов	ву – ув	ве – ев	ви – ив	ві – ів
н	на – ан	но – он	ну – ун	не – ен	ни – ин	ні – ін
р	ра - ар	ро – ор	ру – ур	ре – ер	ри – ир	рі – ір
с	са – ас	со – ос	су – ус	се – ес	си – ис	сі – іс
х	ха – ах	хо – ох	ху - ух	хе – ех	хи – их	хі – іх

Activity 3 10 minutes Try reading some common Ukrainian names and then listen to the audio to check yourself. In this activity, read first, then listen. Ніна, Роман, Іван, Оксана, Ірина, Віктор. Audio 33 Try reading some common Ukrainian names and then listen to the audio to check yourself. In this activity, read first, then listen. Nina, Roman, Ivan, Oksana, Iryna, Viktor.

In Ukrainian, consonants are ‘hard’ or ‘soft’. ‘Hardness’ or ‘softness’ is determined by the letter which goes after the consonant. Consonants are ‘hard’ before vowels а, о, у, е and и.They become ‘soft’ before vowels і, я, ю, є and before ь (soft sign). Soft sign does not represent any sound, and its function is just to soften of the previous consonant. Audio 34 Read, listen and repeat after me. На – ня н– нь но – ньо не – нє ну – ню ни – ні са – ся с – сь со – сьо се – сє су – сю си – сі ра – ря р – рь ро – рьо ре – рє ру – рю ри – рі та – тя т – ть то – тьо те – тє ту – тю ти – ті Audio 34 transcript: read, listen and repeat.

На – ня	н– нь	но – ньо	не – нє	ну – ню	ни – ні
са – ся	с – сь	со – сьо	се – сє	су – сю	си – сі
ра – ря	р – рь	ро – рьо	ре – рє	ру – рю	ри – рі
та – тя	т – ть	то – тьо	те – тє	ту – тю	ти – ті

Activity 4 15 minutes Now let’s practise reading letters я, ю, є. Remember that they sound: like а, у, е [a, u, e]after soft consonants; like two sounds [ya], [yu] and [ye] after vowels or at the beginning of words. Read each name and then listen to the recording to check you have read it correctly. You can use the pause button if necessary. In this activity, you speak first. Таня, Тетяна, Вікторія, Марія, Єва, Юлія, Юля. Audio 35 Pronounce each name and then listen to the recording to check you have read it correctly. You can use the pause button if necessary. In this activity, you speak first. Pronounce Tania, Tetiana, Viktoriia, Mariia, Yeva, Yuliia, Yulia. Very well done, if you spotted the difference between Yuliia and Yulia. There are model answers on the recording and a written version in the transcript. Now practise reading я in some words you have learned this week. Pronounce each word and then listen to the recording to check you have read it correctly. You can use the pause button if necessary. In this activity, you speak first. Вітальня, спальня, кухня, їдальня. Audio 36 Read each word and then listen to the recording to check you have read it correctly. You can use the pause button if necessary. In this activity, you speak first. Vitalnia, spalnia, kukhnia, yidalnia There are model answers on the recording and a written version in the transcript. Activity 5 10 minutes Match each group of Ukrainian words with their transliteration. Він, вона, воно, вони. Vin, vona, vono, vony. Київ, Крим, Харків, Суми. Kyiv, Krym, Kharkiv, Sumy Метро, коментар, характер, мова, урок, університет. Metro, komentar, kharakter, mova, urok, universytet. The matching pairs are: Він, вона, воно, вони. Vin, vona, vono, vony. Київ, Крим, Харків, Суми. Kyiv, Krym, Kharkiv, Sumy. (They are all places in Ukraine). Метро, коментар, характер, мова, урок, університет. Metro, komentar, kharakter, mova, urok, universytet. (Tube, comment, character, language, lesson, University).

Ukrainian Christmas will surprise you a lot! Orthodox and Greek Catholic Ukrainians celebrate Christmas on 7 January, with Christmas Eve on 6 January. Since 2017 both 7 January and 25 December for Roman Catholic and Protestant celebrations are public holidays. Christmas Eve – Sviatvechir (literally ‘Holy Evening’) – is the most important family gathering during the year. It is said that if someone is not at home on this evening, he or she will be away from home for a whole year. Ukrainian Christmas traditions have strong pre-Christian roots, as well as Christian interpretations. Ukrainians have a special meal which consists of 12 dishes. The number 12 represents the number of months in a year and the number of apostles. Traditional Ukrainian Christmas Eve meal consists of vegetarian dishes and fish. Two important dishes are kutia and uzvar. Kutia is a grain pudding, made from the finest ingredients of the previous year’s harvest with poppy seeds, nuts and honey. It is one of the most ancient dishes and it is cooked to commemorate the dead. Uzvar is made of dried fruits: dried apples, pears, raisins etc. with honey. Other dishes served are borshch, varenyky (stuffed dumplings), cabbage, potatoes, fish, beans and sweet bread / donuts.

Figure 7

In villages people put hay on table under a tablecloth, which symbolises hay on which Jesus was born, as well as under the table, to symbolise hay for cattle. Apart from Christmas trees, used in other European countries, Ukrainians have an ancient Christmas symbol – didukh. It is a bunch of wheat which symbolizes welfare, harvest and spirit of ancestors.

Figure 8

Children try to visit their godparents this evening, if they live nearby, or in coming days. They greet them and receive presents. Ukrainians greet each other during Christmas time with words Христос народився! – Славімо Його! (Khrystos narovyvsia! – Slavimo Yoho!) which means ‘Christ Is Born! – Let us glorify Him!’. A lot of Ukrainians attend church services and sing carols at Christmas. Children and young people frequently perform a vertep – a Nativity play, which often includes two parts: one telling the Christmas story and the other portraying scenes from everyday life relating to recent events in society or the country. Christmas lasts till 19 January. Two other important dates include 13–14 and 18–19 January. 14 January is called Old New Year, and the evening of 13 January is Old New Year’s Eve. This evening, people cook a rich supper (if they are not completely exhausted with celebrations yet and have enough time for this after work). On 19 January Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches celebrate Theophany, when Jesus was baptised in the river Jordan, and 18 January is a day of fasting with an evening meal similar to the one of Christmas Eve. The name Shchedryi vechir (which means ‘generous evening’) is used in most parts of Ukraine for Old New Year Eve, 13 January. In Western Ukraine, this name is used to denote the evening of Theophany – 18 January. Shchedryi Vechir gave its name to the pre-Christian New Year's carol Shchedryk, which is about a swallow heralding the spring. In its arrangement by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych the song was performed, in the early twentieth century, during a world tour by the Koshyts Ukrainian choir. A western composer used this melody, adding English lyrics, to produce the ‘Carol of the Bells’, which is now well known in the UK and worldwide. Audio 37 Khrystos narovyvsya! – Slavimo Yoho!

Figure 9 Photo of the Kalush Orchestra after the semi-finals of the Eurovision Song Contest.

The Ukrainian rap-folk band Kalush Orchestra won the Eurovision Song Contest on 14 May 2022 with their song Stefania. Stefania is a tribute to mothers, maybe also symbolically to the Motherland. Lead singer Oleh Psiuk said ‘This victory is for every Ukrainian. Slava Ukraini.’ You can watch the video here: Kalush Orchestra - Stefania - Ukraine The Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra, conducted by Ukrainian-Canadian Keri-Lynn Wilson, has recently toured Europe, including performances at the BBC Proms in London and the Edinburgh Festival. Its 74 members include refugees, Ukrainians living and working in Europe and musicians living in Ukraine. They started rehearsing together in Warsaw, just two weeks before their tour. You can watch the Proms concert on the BBC iPlayer BBC Proms 2022: Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra or listen on BBC Sounds BBC Proms 2022: Prom 19a: Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra. Both Kalush and male members of the Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra living in Ukraine were given special permission to leave the country to perform, as currently only women and children are allowed to leave. For Yevgen Dovbysh, cellist with the National Odesa Philharmonic, and his wife, violinist Hanna Vikhrova, who left Ukraine with their daughter after the invasion, this was a rare chance to spend time together after five months apart. Concerts also continue in Ukraine itself, in defiance of the Russian invasion, like this one in Lviv on 22 March 2022.

Figure 10 Photo of an open-air concert in Lviv from above. The orchestra and the audience are visible. There is a Ukrainian flag.

Cultural events are an important part of the war effort. In the words of Ukrainian President Volodomir Zelensky: ‘Artistic resistance to the Russian invasion is one of the most important, because the seizure of territories begins with the seizure of people’s minds and hearts’. Find out more on Ukrainian Christmas and New Year traditions. Perhaps, your Ukrainian guests / friends will tell you more about Christmas food / carolling traditions and vertep (Nativity play). Share your impressions on Ukrainian Christmas and New Year traditions with other learners. You can also post your questions about the language you have learned this week in this thread. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum Чудово Chudovo – Great! You’re more than halfway through the course now. You can talk with Ukrainian friends about your home and about Ukrainian cities when they are in the news. If you are hosting a displaced person, your knowledge of Ukrainian language and culture will help them settle in. If all the talk of Christmas food has made you hungry, food will be the main topic next week. Welcome to Week 4. By the end of this week, you should be able to: Name fruits, vegetables and other food. Describe taste using words ‘sweet’, ‘sour’, ‘bitter’, ‘salty’ and temperature using words ‘cold’, ‘cool’, ‘warm’, ‘hot’. Say ‘I want’, ‘you want’. Wish someone ‘bon appétit’. Use gender endings of adjectives. Learn about Ukraine’s history. Learn about Ukrainian cuisine. Continue learning the alphabet.

Figure 1: Traditional Ukrainian borshch and pampushky Traditional Ukrainian borshch and pampushky, bread rolls with garlic and herbs on top, served in traditional Ukrainian crockery on a traditional woven table cloth.

Viktoriia visits Mary at her home. Mary has shown Viktoriia her house and has taken her to the garden. Listen to their dialogue. Audio 1 Mary Viktoriie, dyvys, tse mii horod. Viktoriia Shcho ye na horodi? Mary Pomidory, tsybulia i morkva. Viktoriia A shcho tse? Mary A tse hrusha i chereshnia Viktoriia Meri, tvii horod – prosto dyvo! Yak v Ukraini! Mary Diakuiu, horod – moie khobi Viktoriia Ty molodets! Audio 1 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мері Вікторіє, дивись, це мій город.	Mary Viktoriie, dyvys, tse mii horod.
Вікторія Що є на городі?	Viktoriia Shcho ye na horodi?
Мері Помідори, цибуля і морква.	Mary Pomidory, tsybulia i morkva.
Вікторія А що це?	Viktoriia A shcho tse?
Мері А це груша і черешня.	Mary A tse hrusha i chereshnia.
Вікторія Мері, твій город – просто диво! Як в Україні!	Viktoriia Meri, tvii horod – prosto dyvo! Yak v Ukraini! (pronounced Ukra-yini)
Мері Дякую, город – моє хобі.	Mary Diakuiu, horod – moie khobi.
Вікторія Ти молодець!	ViktoriiaTy molodets!

Audio 2 Now let’s have a closer look at this dialogue. Mary starts the dialogue saying Viktoriie, dyvys, tse mii horod, which means ‘Victoria, look, this is my vegetable garden’. Useful word here is dyvys (‘look’). Let’s repeat this together: dyvys______, dyvys ________. I hope you remember word horod (‘vegetable garden’, ‘allotment’) from last week: horod _______. It’s a masculine gender noun, this is why ‘my garden’ is mii horod. Viktoriia asks: Shcho ye na horodi? which means ‘What’s in the garden?’ Word shcho means ‘what’. Please repeat it: shcho _____. Please note that Ukrainians often pronounce it like sho___. Mary answers: Pomidory, tsybulia i morkva, which means ‘Tomatoes, onions and carrots.’Then Viktoriia asks: Ashcho tse? which means ‘And what is this?’ The question ‘What is it?’ ‘What is this?’ is Shcho tse? in Ukrainian. Let’s repeat it: Shcho tse? ___________, Shcho tse? ________. Mary replies: A tse hrusha i chereshnia, which means ‘And these are pear and cherry. ‘ Viktoriia continues: Meri, tvii horod – prosto dyvo! Yak v Ukraini! (‘Mary, your garden is simply a miracle! Like in Ukraine!’). Mary thanks Victoria for the compliment: Diakuiu, horod – moie khobi which means ‘Thank you, garden is my hobby.’ Khobi is neuter noun, this is why Mary says moie khobi, because moie is neuter form of the word my. Please repeat this phrase: moie khobi ___________. Viktoriia closes the dialogue with the phrase ty molodets! which means ‘good for you!’ or ‘Well done.’ This term of congratulation can be expressed with only one word: molodets! Please say it with me: Molodets! Molodets! Now listen to the dialogue once again. Let’s look at this text more closely You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Now let’s have a closer look at this dialogue. Mary starts the dialogue saying Viktoriie, dyvys, tse mii horod which means ‘Victoria, look, this is my vegetable garden’. Useful word here is dyvys (‘look’). Let’s repeat this together: dyvys______, dyvys ________. I hope you remember word horod ('vegetable garden’, ‘allotment’) from last week: horod _______. It’s a masculine gender noun, this is why ‘my garden’ is mii horod. Viktoriia asks: Shcho ye na horodi? which means ‘What’s in the garden?.’ Word shcho means ‘what’. Please repeat it: shcho _____. Mary answers: Pomidory, tsybulia i morkva, which means ‘Tomatoes, onions and carrots.’ Then Viktoriia asks: A shcho tse? which means ‘And what is this?’ The question What is it? What is this? is Shcho tse? in Ukrainian. Let’s repeat it: Shcho tse? ___________, Shcho tse? Mary replies: A tse hrusha i chereshnia, which means ‘And these are pear and cherry. ‘ Viktoriia continues: Meri, tvii horod – prosto dyvo! Yak v Ukraini! (‘Mary, your garden is simply a miracle! Like in Ukraine!’) Mary thanks Victoria for the compliment: Diakuiu, horod – moie khobi which means ‘Thank you, garden is my hobby.’ Khobi is neuter noun, this is why Mary says moie khobi, because moie is neuter form of the word my. Please repeat this phrase: moie khobi ___________. Viktoriia closes the dialogue with the phrase ty molodets! which means ‘good for you!’. This term of congratulation can be expressed with one word only: ‘molodets’. Please say it with me: molodets! molodets! Now listen to the dialogue once again. Table 1: Key language from the dialogue

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
дивись	dyvys	look! (sing.)
помідори	pomidory	tomatoes (pl.)
цибуля	tsybulia	onions
морква	morkva	carrots
груша	hrusha	pear
черешня	chereshnia	cherry
просто	prosto	simply
диво	dyvo	miracle
хобі	khobi	hobby
молодець	molodets	Good for you! Well done!

Look and listen to names of fruits, vegetables and other food in Ukrainian. Choose your five favourite fruits or vegetables and learn these first. You can learn the others later. Audio 3 Ovochi ta frukty Fruits and vegetables: yabluko apple; hrusha pear; slyva plum; abrykos apricot; apelsyn orange; lymon lemon; chereshnia cherry; vynohrad grapes; polunytsia strawberry; malyna raspberry; kartoplia potatoes; tsybulia onions; morkva carrots; kapusta cabbage; pomidor tomato; ohirok cucumber, gherkin; perets pepper; buriak beetroot; kvasolia beans; kukurudza corn. Table 2: Овочі та фрукти Ovochi ta frukty Fruits and vegetables

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
яблуко	yabluko	apple
груша	hrusha	pear
слива	slyva	plum
абрикос	abrykos	apricot
апельсин	apelsyn	orange
лимон	lymon	lemon
черешня	chereshnia	cherry
виноград	vynohrad	grapes
полуниця	polunytsia	strawberry
малина	malyna	raspberry
картопля	kartoplia	potato(es) sing.=pl.
цибуля	tsybulia	onion(s) sing. = pl.
морква	morkva	carrot(s) sing.= pl.
капуста	kapusta	cabbage
помідор	pomidor	tomato
огірок	ohirok	cucumber, gherkin
перець	perets	pepper
буряк	buriak	beetroot
квасоля	kvasolia	beans
кукурудза	kukurudza	corn

Listen to the recording once again. Pause and repeat your favourites several times when you hear them Activity 1: Learn by matching 15 minutes Choose the correct name for each image from the dropdown list. Hopefully you can find photos of some of your favourites here. You can skip the ones you don’t need if you wish. Now try listening and speaking. Activity 2: Listen and speak 35 minutes A. Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Record your pronunciation and then compare it with the model answer. (To hear the model answer, click ‘Reveal answer.’) Do this as many times as you need to, until you are happy with your response. Example: You hear Це малина? Tse malyna? You reply Taк. Це малина. Tak. Tse malyna. Listen out for the difference between the intonation in questions and statements. Audio 5: answer Taк. Це малина. Tak. Tse malyna. Audio 7: answer Taк. Це буряк.Tak. Tse buriak. Audio 9: answer Taк. Це капуста. Tak. Tse kapusta. Audio 11: answer Taк. Це перець. Tak. Tse perets. Audio 13: answer Taк. Це цибуля. Tak. Tse tsybulia? Audio 15: answer Taк. Це яблуко. Tak. Tse yabluko. Audio 17: answer Taк. Це картопля. Tak. Tse kartoplia. Audio 19: answer Taк. Це морква. Tak. Tse morkva. B. Now answer these questions. This time the answer is always no, so you’ll need to reply ‘No, it’s…’ Ні Це Ni, tse… and then give the correct answer. Record your pronunciation and then compare it with the model answer. Do this as many times as you need to, until you are happy with your response. You hear the question: Це цибуля? Tse tsybulia? You reply: Ні. Це морква. Ni. Tse morkva. Audio 21: answer Ні. Це морква. Ni. Tse morkva. Audio 23: answer Hi. Це малина. Ni. Tse malyna. Audio 25: answer Hi. Це капуста. Ni. Tse kapusta. Audio 27: answer Hi. Це буряк. Ni. Tse buriak. Audio 29: answer Hi. Це перець. Ni. Tse perets. Audio 31: answer Hi. Це цибуля. Ni. Tse tsybulia. Audio 33: answer Hi. Це яблуко. Ni. Tse yabluko. Audio 35: answer Hi. Це картопля. Ni. Tse kartoplia. C. What can you see in Figure 2 below? Select all the correct answers from the options below.

Figure 2 Photo of cucumbers, a pepper, a tomato, onions and garlic.

огірок ohirok aбрикос abrykos лимон lymon перець perets помідор pomidor The correct answers are: огірок ohirok (cucumber), перець perets (pepper), помідор pomidor (tomato). There is no абрикос abrykos (apricot) or лимон lymon (lemon). Look and listen to names of other foods in Ukrainian. Choose the five most important ones for you and learn these first. You can learn the others later. Table 3: More key language for food and drink

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
молоко	moloko	milk
масло	maslo	butter
сир	syr	cheese
сметана	smetana	sour cream
йогурт	yohurt	yogurt
ковбаса	kovbasa	sausage
мʼясо	miaso - pronounced like ‘m-yaso’	meat
риба	ryba	fish
макарони	makarony	pasta
рис	rys	rice
олія	oliia	oil
яйце	yaitse	egg
цукор	tsukor	sugar
сіль	sil	salt
хліб	khlib	bread
цукерка	tsukerka	sweet
печиво	pechyvo	biscuit
торт	tort	cake
морозиво	morozyvo	ice-cream
шоколад	shokolad	chocolate
вода	voda	water
чай	chai	tea
кава	kava	coffee
сік	sik	juice

Audio 36 Moloko milk; maslo butter; syr cheese; smetana sour cream; yohurt yogurt ; kovbasa sausage; miaso meat; ryba fish; makarony pasta; rys rice; oliia oil; yaitse egg; tsukor sugar; sil salt; khlib bread; tsukerka sweet; pechyvo biscuit; tort cake; morozyvo ice-cream; shokolad chocolate; voda water; chai tea; kava coffee; sik juice. Listen to the recording once again. Pause and repeat your most important words several times when you hear them.

Look at each image. Can you name it? Record your pronunciation and then compare it with the model answer. Do this as many times as you need to, until you are happy with your pronunciation. Activity 3: What is it? 25 minutes Audio 38: answer Це хліб. Tse khlib. Audio 40: answer Це кава. Tse kava. Audio 42: answer Це мʼясо. Tse miaso. Audio 44: answer Це сир. Tse syr. Audio 46: answer Це морозиво. Tse morozyvo. Audio 48: answer Це чай. Tse chai. Audio 50: answer Це рис. Tse rys.

Figure 3 Ukraine flag

Ukrainian cuisine is very rich and varied. The classic trio of national dishes that comes to mind when speaking about Ukrainian cuisine includes borshch, varenyky and holubtsi. Dishes which are often prepared for breakfast are eggs, porridge, pancakes, cheese pancakes and tea or coffee. Lunch in Ukraine starts with borshch or a soup. It is followed by the second course (meat or fish and a side dish) and the third course − tea, coffee or fruit drink and dessert. The evening meal often consists of meat or fish with a side dish (for example, potatoes, pasta or rice) and a salad or a vegetable dish. Ukrainians prefer to drink black tea and tea with lemon. Table 4: Names of meals in Ukrainian

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
сніданок	snidanok	breakfast
обід	obid	lunch
вечеря	vecheria	dinner

Audio 51 Snidanok breakfast, obid lunch, vecheria dinner. In this section, you learn words which describe taste and temperature. Listen to the recording and read the table below. Table 5: Words to describe taste and temperature.

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Смачний / несмачний	smachnyi / nesmachnyi	tasty / not tasty
солодкий	solodkyi	sweet
кислий	kyslyi	sour
солоний	solonyi	salty
гіркий	hirkyi	bitter
гострий	hostryi	hot (spicy)
гарячий	hariachyi	hot (temperature)
теплий	teplyi	warm
холодний	kholodnyi	cold

Audio 52 smachnyi / nesmachnyi tasty / not tasty, solodkyi sweet, kyslyi sour, solonyi salty, hirkyi bitter, hostryi spicy, hariachyi hot (temperature), teplyi, warm, kholodnyi cold. Nouns and adjectives part 1 (Audio 53 transcript) You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Let’s start with nouns. Nouns are the names of people, places, things and ideas. We have mentioned before that all Ukrainian nouns have gender, even when there is nothing obviously masculine or feminine about them! It is just a way of sorting them into groups. Most nouns which finish on a consonant are masculine. Those ending on -a, -ia are usually feminine. Most nouns finishing on -o and -e are neuter. Audio 53 Let’s start with nouns. Nouns are the names of people, places, things and ideas. We have mentioned before that all Ukrainian nouns have gender, even when there is nothing obviously masculine or feminine about them! It is just a way of sorting them into groups. Most nouns which finish on a consonant are masculine. Those ending on -a, -ia are usually feminine. Most nouns finishing on -o and -e are neuter. Activity 4: Select the correct information 15 minutes Look at the endings of these nouns and select the gender of each one from the dropdown menu. молоко moloko neuter вода voda feminine торт tort masculine Masculine: Торт tort – ends with a consonant. Feminine: вода voda – ends in -a. Neuter: молоко moloko – ends in -o. Why are you looking at gender now? It is because the endings of adjectives depend upon the gender of nouns. Listen to the phrases on the recording and read the table. Try to work out the gender endings of the adjectives. Audio 54 Solodkyi tort (sweet cake), kyskyi lymon (sour lemon), solonyi ohirok (‘salted cucumber’, or ‘gherkin’), solodka tsukerka (sweet sweet), kysle yabluko (sour apple), smachne pechyvo (tasty biscuit), hostra kovbasa (spicy sausage), hariacha kava (hot coffee), kholodna voda (cold water), teplyi chai (warm tea), hirkyi shokolad (bitter chocolate), kholodne moloko (cold milk). Table 6: Adjectives with nouns of different genders

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Солодкий торт	solodkyi tort	sweet cake
кислий лимон	kyslyi lymon	sour lemon
солоний огірок	solonyi ohirok	salted cucumber, gherkin
солодка цукерка	solodka tsukerka	sweet sweet
кисле яблуко	kysle yabluko	sour apple
смачне печиво	smachne pechyvo	tasty biscuit
гостра ковбаса	hostra kovbasa	spicy sausage
гаряча кава	hariacha kava	hot coffee
холодна вода	kholodna voda	cold water
теплий чай	teplyi chai	warm tea
гіркий шоколад	hirkyi shokolad	bitter chocolate
холодне молоко	kholodne moloko	cold milk

Nouns and adjectives part 2 (Audio 55 transcript) I hope you have noticed difference in adjectives’ gender endings. So, let’s sum it up. You could see from the examples, that masculine ending is -yi: solodkyi tort, kyslyi lymon, solonyi ohirok, teplyi chai, hirkyi shokolad. So, let’s say these phrases together focusing on masculine form of these adjectives: solodkyi tort________, kyslyi lymon ____, solonyi ohirok______, teplyi chai ________, hirkyi shokolad _______. Feminine forms of adjectives can be found in these examples: solodka tsukerka, hostra kovbasa, hariacha kava, kholodna voda. As you can see, the feminine adjectives’ ending is -a. Let’s say together the following phrases focusing on feminine adjectives: solodka tsukerka______, hostra kovbasa________, hariacha kava_______, kholodna voda_____. And here are neuter gender examples: kysle yabluko, smachne pechyvo, kholodne moloko. I hope you have spotted the ending of neuter gender adjectives – -e. Let’s repeat these phrases together: kysle yabluko _____, smachne pechyvo______, kholodne moloko__________. Well done if you managed to find the difference between gender endings of adjectives on your own! Audio 55: Explanation I hope you have noticed difference in adjectives’ gender endings. So, let’s sum it up. You could see from the examples, that masculine ending is -yi: solodkyi tort, kyslyi lymon, solonyi ohirok, teplyi chai, hirkyi shokolad. So, let’s say these phrases together focusing on masculine form of these adjectives: solodkyi tort________, kyslyi lymon ____, solonyi ohirok______, teplyi chai ________, hirkyi shokolad _______. Feminine forms of adjectives can be found in these examples: solodka tsukerka, hostra kovbasa, hariacha kava, kholodna voda. As you can see, the feminine adjectives’ ending is -a. Let’s say together the following phrases focusing on feminine adjectives: solodka tsukerka______, hostra kovbasa________, hariacha kava_______, kholodna voda_____. And here are neuter gender examples: kysle yabluko, smachne pechyvo, kholodne moloko. I hope you have spotted the ending of neuter gender adjectives – -e. Let’s repeat these phrases together: kysle yabluko _____, smachne pechyvo______, kholodne moloko__________. Well done if you managed to find the difference between gender endings of adjectives on your own! Activity 5 10 minutes Now select the correct form of the Ukrainian word for ‘tasty’ to go with each noun. Is it cмачний, cмачнa or cмачнe? цукерка tsukerka cмачнa smachna торт tort cмачний smachnyi яблуко yabluko cмачнe smachne Masculine: cмачний торт smachnyi tort Feminine: cмачнa цукерка smachna tsukerka Neuter: cмачнe яблуко smachne yabluko To finish this section, here is a summary of adjective endings, using cмачний smachnyi as an example. Table 7: Adjective endings

Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
cмачний торт smachnyi tort	cмачнa цукерка smachnatsukerka	cмачнe печиво smachne pechyvo

Now Mary is visiting Viktoriia. Viktoriia offers her tea. Let’s listen to their conversation. Audio 56 Viktoriia Meri, ty khochesh perekusyty? Mary Tak, khochu. Viktoriia Shcho ty khochesh? Mary Chai, budlaska. Viktoriia Chai z molokom? Mary Tak, budlaska. Viktoriia Pryhoshchaisia! Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Smachnoho! Mary Diakuiu! Audio 56 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Вікторія Мері, ти хочеш перекусити?	Viktoriia Meri, ty khochesh perekusyty?
Мері Так, хочу.	Mary Tak, khochu.
Вікторія Що ти хочеш?	Viktoriia Shcho ty khochesh?
Мері Чай, будь ласка.	Mary Chai, bud laska.
Вікторія Чай з молоком?	Viktoriia Chai z molokom?
Мері Так, будь ласка.	Mary Tak, bud laska.
Вікторія Пригощайся! Ось бутерброди, печиво і фрукти. Смачного!	Viktoriia Pryhoshchaisia! Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Smachnoho!
Мері Дякую!	Mary Diakuiu!

Take a closer look (Audio 57 transcript) You’ll also find the audio version of this explanation useful, for the pronunciation and to listen to when you are on the go! Let’s look at this dialogue closely. Viktoriia asks: Meri, ty khochesh perekusyty? which literally means ‘Mary, do you want to have a snack?’ Ty khochesh means ‘you want’. Although there are some words in Ukrainian which can be used to start a question, very often difference between narrative sentences and questions is merely an intonation. ‘Khochesh’ means ‘you want’. Please repeat it with me: ‘khochesh’ _______. Since this form means ‘you want’ on its own, word ‘ty’ (you) can be avoided in the sentence and Viktoriia could have asked: Meri, khochesh perekusyty? Perekusyty means ‘to have a snack’. Please repeat: Perekusyty_______, perekusyty_______. Mary answers: Tak, khochu, which means ‘Yes, I want.’ As you can see, Mary does not say word ‘ya’ (I) here because verb’s ending shows this. This allows Mary to shorten her answer. Let’s repeat this together: Tak, khochu ____________, khochu __________. After this Viktoriia asks: Shcho ty khochesh? which means ‘what would you like?’ (literally ‘what do you want?’). So, let’s repeat this together: Shcho ty khochesh? ____________ and once again: Shcho ty khochesh? Mary replies briefly: Chai, bud laska – ‘tea, please’. Let’s repeat this together: ‘Chai, bud laska Chai, bud laska’_________. Viktoriia asks: Chai z molokom? (Tea with milk?) Mary answers: Tak, bud laska, which means Yes, please). Viktoriia continues: Pryhoshchaisia! Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Smachnoho! which means ‘Help yourself! Here are sandwiches, biscuits and fruits. Bon appétit!’ So, let’s take a look at each of these sentences. Pryhoshchaisia! – ‘Help yourself! (singular form). Let’s repeat it together: Pryhoshchaisia! _________, pryhoshchaisia! _____________.. Viktoriia names the food: Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Those of you who are familiar with German have definitely recognised the word buterbrody. However, in Ukrainian it means ‘sandwiches’, and not simply bread and butter. Word ‘sendwich’ is also used in Ukrainian but more common one is buterbrod. Pechyvo means ‘biscuits’ and it is always used in singular. Buterbrody and frukty (fruits) are used in plural in this sentence. Let’s say them in singular: buterbrod ______, frukt_________ and in plural: buterbrody _________, frukty __________. And the last phrase which Viktoriia says is: Smachnoho! which means bon appétit!, ‘enjoy your meal.’ Say it with me please: Smachnoho! _____________, Smachnoho! Mary replies: Diakuiu! (Thank you!). And the last thing about this dialogue: English people prefer their tea with milk, while Ukrainians like black tea or tea with lemon. Try remembering these two phrases: chai z molokom __________, chai z lymonom ________ tea with lemon. Let’s repeat them: chai z molokom__________, chai z lymonom _________. Now listen to the dialogue again. Audio 57 Let’s look at this dialogue closely. Viktoriia asks: Meri, ty khochesh perekusyty? which literally means ‘Mary, do you want to have a snack?’ Ty khochesh means ‘you want’. Although there are some words in Ukrainian which can be used to start a question, very often difference between narrative sentences and questions is merely an intonation. ‘Khochesh’ means ‘you want’. Please repeat it with me: ‘khochesh’ _______. Since this form means ‘you want’ on its own, word ‘ty’ (you) can be avoided in the sentence and Viktoriia could have asked: Meri, khochesh perekusyty? Perekusyty means ‘to have a snack’. Please repeat: Perekusyty_______, perekusyty_______. Mary answers: Tak, khochu, which means ‘Yes, I want.’ As you can see, Mary does not say word ‘ya’ (I) here because verb’s ending shows this. This allows Mary to shorten her answer. Let’s repeat this together: Tak, khochu ____________, khochu __________. After this Viktoriia asks: Shcho ty khochesh? which means ‘what would you like?’ (literally ‘what do you want?’). So, let’s repeat this together: Shcho ty khochesh? ____________ and once again: Shcho ty khochesh? Mary replies briefly: Chai, bud laska – ‘tea, please’. Let’s repeat this together: ‘Chai, bud laska Chai, bud laska’_________. Viktoriia asks: Chai z molokom? (Tea with milk?) Mary answers: Tak, bud laska, which means Yes, please). Viktoriia continues: Pryhoshchaisia! Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Smachnoho! which means ‘Help yourself! Here are sandwiches, biscuits and fruits. Bon appétit!’ So, let’s take a look at each of these sentences. Pryhoshchaisia! – ‘Help yourself! (singular form). Let’s repeat it together: Pryhoshchaisia! _________, pryhoshchaisia! _____________. Viktoriia names the food: Os buterbrody, pechyvo i frukty. Those of you who are familiar with German have definitely recognised the word buterbrody. However, in Ukrainian it means ‘sandwiches’, and not simply bread and butter. Word ‘sendwich’ is also used in Ukrainian but more common one is buterbrod. Pechyvo means ‘biscuits’ and it is always used in singular. Buterbrody and frukty (fruits) are used in plural in this sentence. Let’s say them in singular: buterbrod ______, frukt_________ and in plural: buterbrody _________, frukty __________. And the last phrase which Viktoriia says is: Smachnoho! which means ‘bon appétit!’, ‘enjoy your meal.’ Say it with me please: smachnoho! _____________, smachnoho! Mary replies: Diakuiu! (Thank you!). And the last thing about this dialogue: English people prefer their tea with milk, while Ukrainians like black tea or tea with lemon. Try remembering these two phrases: chai z molokom __________, chai z lymonom ________ tea with lemon. Let’s repeat them: chai z molokom__________, chai z lymonom _________. Now listen to the dialogue again. Table 8: Key language for offering food and drink

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
хочеш	khochesh	you want
перекусити	perekusyty	to have a snack
хочу	khochu	I want
чай з молоком	chai z molokom	tea with milk
чай з лимоном	chai z lymonom	tea with lemon
Пригощайся!	Pryhoshchaisia!	Help yourself!
Смачного!	Smachnoho!	bon appétit!

This week you will learn new consonants and will practise letters which you have already learnt (false friends). Here are the consonants which we shall be working with: Бб, Вв, Гг, Ґґ, Дд, Жж, Зз, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн. You will notice that two of them – Мм and Кк – can be called true friends (low-case letters are written in the same way as the capital ones).

Audio 58 Ba – ab bo – ob bu – ub be – eb by – yb bi – ib va – av vo – ov vu – uv ve – ev vy – yv vi – iv ha – ah ho – oh hu – uh he – eh hy – yh hi – ih ga – ag go – og gu – ug ge – eg gy – yg gi – ig da – ad do – od du – ud de – ed dy – yd di – id zha – azh zho – ozh zhu – uzh zhe – ezh zhy – yzh zhi – izh za – az zo – oz zu – uz ze – ez zy – yz zi – iz y – i yo – oi yu – ui ye – ei y – yi yi – ii ka – ak ko – ok ku – uk ke – ek ky – yk ki – ik la – al lo – ol lu – ul le – el ly – yl li – il ma – am mo – om mu – um me – em my – ym mi – im na – an no – on nu – un ne – en ny – yn ni – in Read and listen to the sounds in the table below and repeat. Table 9: Ukrainian consonants

Ба – аб	бо – об	бу – уб	бе – еб	би – иб	бі – іб
ва – ав	во – ов	ву – ув	ве – ев	ви – ив	ві – ів
га – аг	го – ог	гу – уг	ге – ег	ги – иг	гі – іг
ґа – аґ	оґ – ґо	ґу – уґ	ґе – еґ	ґи – иґ	ґі – іґ
да – ад	до – од	ду – уд	де – ед	ди – ид	ді – ід
жа – аж	жо - ож	жу – уж	же – еж	жи – иж	жі – іж
за – аз	зо – оз	зу – уз	зе – ез	зи – из	зі – із
й – і	йо – ой	ю – уй	є – ей	и – ий	ї – ій
ка – ак	ко – ок	ку – ук	ке – ек	ки – ик	кі – ік
ла – ал	ло – ол	лу – ул	ле – ел	ли – ил	лі – іл
ма – ам	мо – ом	му – ум	ме – ем	ми – им	мі – ім
на – ан	но – он	ну – ун	не – ен	ни – ин	ні – ін

Activity 6: Read and listen again 15 minutes Read and listen again. Find 2 letters in the table which are ‘false friends’ в looks like a capital B in English, but is pronounced v. н looks like a capital H in English but is pronounced n. Now find 2 letters in the table which are ‘true friends.’ к and м both look and sound like their English equivalents.

To begin, practise reading first names. Андрій, Борис, Володимир, Галина, Денис, Дмитро, Данило, Євген, Євгенія, Зоя, Захар, Катерина, Леся, Марта, Наталя, Олег, Ольга, Олександр. Audio 59 Read each name with the recording paused and then check your pronunciation by listening to the recording. In this activity you read before you listen. Андрій, Борис, Володимир, Галина, Денис, Дмитро, Данило, Євген, Євгенія, Зоя, Захар, Катерина, Леся, Марта, Наталя, Олег, Ольга, Олександр. Andrii, Borys, Volodymyr, Halyna, Denys, Dmytro, Danylo, Yevhen, Yevheniia, Zoia, Zakhar, Kateryna, Lesia, Marta, Natalia, Oleh, Olha, Oleksandr. Now practise reading full names and short names. Read each name with the recording paused and then check your pronunciation by listening to the recording. Remember to read before listening. In this part, you’ll find full and short names. Євген, Євгенія – Женя, Борис – Боря, Надія – Надя, Любов – Люба, Валентина – Валя, Галина – Галя. Audio 60 Yevhen, Yevheniia – Zhenia, Borys – Boria, Nadiia – Nadia, Liubov – Liuba, Valentyna – Valia, Halyna – Halia. Євген, Євгенія – Женя, Борис – Боря, Надія – Надя, Любов – Люба, Валентина – Валя, Галина – Галя. Now read each name of countries and cities, with the recording paused, and then check your pronunciation by listening to the recording. Remember to read before you listen.   Україна, Англія, Львів, Луганськ, Житомир, Ужгород, Суми, Одеса, Миколаїв, Херсон. Audio 61 Україна, Англія, Львів, Луганськ, Житомир, Ужгород, Суми, Одеса, Миколаїв, Херсон. Ukraina, Anhliia, Lviv, Luhansk, Zhytomyr, Uzhhorod, Sumy, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson. Now have a go at reading food and drink names, with the recording paused and then check your pronunciation by listening to the recording. Don’t forget to read before you listen. Fruits: яблуко, слива, абрикос, лимон, виноград, малина Audio 62 Fruits: яблуко, слива, абрикос, лимон, виноград, малина Yabluko, slyva, abrykos, lymon, vynohrad, malyna. Vegetables: морква, огірок, квасоля, кукурудза Audio 63 Vegetables: морква, огірок, квасоля, кукурудза Morkva, ohirok, kvasolia, kukurudza. Other food and drinks: молоко, масло, сир, йогурт, ковбаса, риба, макарони, рис, олія, сіль, хліб, вода, кава, сік. Audio 64 Other food and drinks: молоко, масло, сир, йогурт, ковбаса, риба, макарони, рис, олія, сіль, хліб, вода, кава, сік. Moloko, maslo, syr, yohurt, kovbasa, ryba, makarony, rys, oliia, sil, khlib, voda, kava, sik. You can hear the correct version on the recordings and see the transliteration in the transcripts.

Figure 4 Ukraine flag

Ukraine is the largest country in Europe (apart from the European part of Russia). Formally modern Ukraine proclaimed independence in 1991, but it has a history of independence and of fighting to regain it. Kyivan Rus was an independent state which existed from the ninth to the thirteenth century with the capital in Kyiv. The language spoken was an early form of Ukrainian and the country developed its own legal system. Kyiv fell to the Mongolians in 1240. Since then, Ukraine has often been divided and conquered, but has maintained a strong sense of its own identity and fought determinedly for independence. For example, the Cossacks, who lived on the steppes of south-eastern Ukraine, fought against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which then controlled most of Ukraine, and established their own state, the Cossack Hetmanate or Zaporizhian Host, which existed from 1648 to 1764. Russia did not become involved until the seventeenth century. At that time, it was called Muscovy, with its capital far away in Moscow. In 1654, Ukraine became a protectorate of the Muscovite Tzar, in an alliance against Poland-Lithuania. However, Muscovy expanded and became the Russian Empire. Associating itself with the ancient state of Kyivan Rus would enhance its imperial reputation, especially as the Orthodox Church came to Russia from Constantinople via Kyivan Rus. Empress Catherine II centralised the non-Russian nations of the empire and Ukraine lost all autonomy. In the nineteenth century, Ukraine was mostly within the Russian Empire, while its Western regions came under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Throughout this time, Ukrainian national movements existed, often going hand in hand with the Romantic movement in art and culture, which encouraged an interest in heritage and folklore. From 1917 onwards, against the backdrop of revolution in Russia, the Ukrainian Revolution also took place, in the form of political, military, and diplomatic attempts to establish an independent Ukrainian state. The Ukrainian National Republic was declared first in Central Ukraine and later also in Western Ukraine. It existed until 1920, when most of Ukraine was occupied by the Bolshevik troops of the Soviet Union. Most of Central and Eastern Ukraine was then incorporated into the Soviet Union. The Soviet period (1919–1991) had a dramatic impact on every aspect of life in Ukraine, with its ban on religion, obsessive search for foreign agents and enemies of people, absence of freedom of speech and policy of Russification, to name just a few. Ukraine, known for centuries as the breadbasket of Europe, was hit by devastating famines between 1921 and 1947. These were caused directly by Stalin’s policy of the forced and often brutal collectivisation of agriculture. Holodomor (the Great Famine of 1932–1933) has been recognized by many countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian nation. Most Western Ukrainian regions were re-united with Ukraine in 1945, at the end of World War II, but as part of the Soviet Union. In 1954, Soviet Russia passed Crimea (which Russia had annexed in 1783) to Ukraine. The reasons for this are extremely complex, but one was practical: it was too difficult for Russia to finance and rebuild this region, which was geographically connected to Ukraine. Next week, you will look at the end of Soviet rule and the recent history of independent Ukraine. Activity 7: Historical events 20 minutes A. Match these historical events with their dates. Kyivan Rus was an independent state From the ninth century until the mid-thirteenth century Most of Ukraine became part of the Soviet Union From 1919 Holodomor – the Great Famine 1932–1933 Western Ukrainian regions became part of Ukraine. 1945 Crimea became part of Ukraine. 1954 B. Select one incorrect statement from the list below. In the nineteenth century, modern Ukraine was divided between the Russian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The first important state with Kyiv as its capital was founded in the ninth century. There were no attempts to unify Ukraine before 1991. The present-day internationally recognised boundaries of Ukraine were established in 1954. The answer is ‘There were no attempts to unify Ukraine before 1991.’ There were movements to unify and establish independent Ukrainian state throughout its history. The most prominent one was between 1917 and 1921. Each cuisine is a reflection of the nation’s past, its geography and economics. It develops through the ages via contacts with other nations, enriching itself and influencing cuisines of other nations. Ukraine’s landscape and natural conditions vary in different regions. Because of this Ukrainian cuisine was destined to be regionally diverse. For example, we can see a number of fish dishes on the South, which is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and a wide use of fresh and dried mushrooms on the North and in the Carpathian Mountains, which are covered with forests. History and contacts with neighbouring nations had and have a strong imprint on Ukrainian cuisine. In Western Ukraine one can find dishes similar to Polish cuisine. Currently there is a strong interest in Ukrainian cuisine among Ukrainians and professional chefs in Ukraine. New restaurants of traditional and modern Ukrainian cuisine were opening all over Ukraine before the Russian invasion started. The only Ukrainian dish widely available in English supermarkets is chicken Kyiv but the most famous Ukrainian dish is, of course, borshch. Audio 65 borshch Although it is known in cuisines of other nations, nowhere else it has so many varieties and uses as in Ukraine. Borshch is a soup, the main ingredient of which is beetroot. The word ‘borshch’ means ‘beetroot’ in Old Ukrainian. Borshch is an everyday, feast and ritual dish. One can find it in Ukrainian homes any day of the week, at weddings, funeral dinners, christenings and on Christmas Eve. Although there is a traditional list of ingredients for it, every person cooks it differently. The same person may cook borshch differently depending on season and mood. There are red, green and rare yellow and white varieties of borshch. There are also hot and cold types of borshch. It can be cooked as a vegetarian dish, as well as using meat or fish. On 1 July 2022 borshch was included to the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. The reason for this was the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which endangered the Ukrainian nation and its culture. And remember: if you tried borshch somewhere and were not impressed by it – it means one thing: it means you have not found the one cooked to your taste. This brings us to our hope story.

Since the Russian invasion, residents of Holyn, in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of South-Western Ukraine have been making dry borsch and sending it to the front for the military. The organisers expected that the project would be temporary, but the number of people willing to help increased over time and the soldiers were pleased with the quality of the soup. By 23 July 2022, the team had made 89,000 servings of soup. They are planning to diversify into other types of soup, including buckwheat and mushroom. The food is vacuum packed and sent to the front. The aim is for no soldier to go hungry, until they return victorious from the frontline.

Share a post with your fellow-learners on any or all of these topics: Ukrainian food, recipes, festival menus. If you cook a Ukrainian dish, you could post a photo. Ukrainian history. Your favourite Ukrainian word. Don’t forget to post any questions you have about the Ukrainian language in the Language Questions thread. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum Ви молодець!! Vy molodets! Well done. Next week is the final unit of this course. You’ll be learning about two very important topics – health and education. Welcome to Week 5. By the end of this week, you should be able to: Talk about schools and school subjects in Ukrainian. Say ‘one may…’, ‘it is necessary’ (‘one needs to…’, ‘one must’). Name parts of the body and describe common illness symptoms. Compare the education systems in Ukraine and the UK. Learn about the recent history of Ukraine and Ukraine’s Independence Day. Finish learning the Ukrainian alphabet. This section will be useful for hosts and education professionals helping Ukrainian families to settle into the school system and for general conversation. Don’t forget to focus your learning on language which is relevant to you.

Figure 1 Speech bubble with the text: Important tip! Learn only the language which is relevant for you. You can’t learn everything.

Figure 2 Photo of two UK schoolchildren working at desks with laptops, pens, paper and books, with guidance from a teacher.

The first five words in the table below are important. After that, focus on your own favourite subjects. Audio 1 освіта osvita education (дитячий) садочок (dytiachyi) sadochok kindergarten школа shkola school коледж koledzh college університет universytet university українська мова ukrainska mova Ukrainian language англійська мова anhliiska mova English language іноземна мова inozemna mova foreign language література literatura literature математика matematyka mathematics фізика fizyka physics біологія biolohiia biology хімія khimiia chemistry історія istoriia history географія heohrafiia geography музика muzyka music драма drama drama малювання maliuvannia art компʼютерні технології kompiuterni tekhnolohii (pronounced as komp-yuterni) computer science фізкультура fizkultura physical education право pravo law медицина medytsyna medicine Audio 1 transcript: Talking about education

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
освіта	osvita	education
(дитячий) садочок	(dytiachyi) sadochok	kindergarten
школа	shkola	school
коледж	koledzh	college
університет	universytet	university
українська мова	ukrainska mova	Ukrainian language
англійська мова	anhliiska mova	English language
іноземна мова	inozemna mova	foreign language
література	literatura	literature
математика	matematyka	mathematics
фізика	fizyka	physics
біологія	biolohiia	biology
хімія	khimiia	chemistry
історія	istoriia	history
географія	heohrafiia	geography
музика	muzyka	music
драма	drama	drama
малювання	maliuvannia	art
компʼютерні технології	kompiuterni tekhnolohii(pronounced as komp-yuterni)	computer science
фізкультура	fizkultura	physical education
право	pravo	law
медицина	medytsyna	medicine

Danylo comes from school with a letter asking him to choose subjects to study for GCSE. Listen to the dialogue between Danylo and his Mum Viktoriia. Audio 2 Danylo Mamo, dyvys, tse lyst zi shkoly. Viktoriia O, shcho tut pyshut? Treba vybraty predmety. Danylo Tak, mamo. Ye oboviazkovi predmety. Tse anhliiska mova i literatura, matematyka, fizyka, khimiia, biolohiia ta inozemna mova. Viktoriia A yaki predmety mozhna vybraty? Danylo Os spysok. Viktoriia Otzhe, istoriia, heohrafiia, ekonomika, biznes, sotsiolohiia, drama, muzyka, maliuvannia, kompiuterni tekhnolohii, fotohrafiia. Yakyi velykyi vybir! Danylo Treba vybraty try predmety. Viktoriia Yaki predmety ty khochesh uchyty? Danylo Mii uliublenyi predmet – heohrafiia. Dumaiu, shcho sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika – tsikavi predmety. Tomu mii vybir – heohrafiia, sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika. Viktoriia Harnyi vybir! Audio 2 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Мамо, дивись, це лист зі школи.	Mamo, dyvys, tse lyst zi shkoly.
О, що тут пишуть? Треба вибрати предмети.	O, shcho tut pyshut? Treba vybraty predmety.
Так, мамо. Є обовʼязкові предмети. Це англійська мова і література, математика, фізика, хімія, біологія та іноземна мова.	Tak, mamo. Ye oboviazkovi predmety. Tse anhliiska mova i literatura, matematyka, fizyka, khimiia, biolohiia ta inozemna mova.
А які предмети можна вибрати?	A yaki predmety mozhna vybraty?
Ось список.	Os spysok.
Отже, історія, географія, економіка, бізнес, соціологія, драма, музика, малювання, компʼютерні технології, фотографія. Який великий вибір!	Otzhe, istoriia, heohrafiia, ekonomika, biznes, sotsiolohiia, drama, muzyka, maliuvannia, kompiuterni tekhnolohii, fotohrafiia. Yakyi velykyi vybir!
Треба вибрати три предмети.	Treba vybraty try predmety.
Які предмети ти хочеш учити?	Yaki predmety ty khochesh uchyty?
Мій улюблений предмет – географія. Думаю, що соціологія та економіка – цікаві предмети. Тому мій вибір – географія, соціологія та економіка.	Mii uliublenyi predmet – heohrafiia. Dumaiu, shcho sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika – tsikavi predmety. Tomu mii vybir – heohrafiia, sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika.
Гарний вибір!	Harnyi vybir!

Table 1: Key language from the dialogue

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Дивись	dyvys	look (imperative, sing.)
лист	lyst	letter
зі (з)	zi (z)	from
треба	treba	one has to…, one must…, one should …, it is necessary
вибрати	vybraty	to choose
обовʼязковий/ обовʼязкові	oboviazkovyi (pronounced as obov- yazkovyi) / oboviazkovi	compulsory (sing. masc. / pl.)
та	ta	and
предмет(и)	predmet(y)	subject(s)
який / які	yakyi / yaki	which, what
можна	mozhna	one may…
ось	os	here is…
список	spysok	list
вибір	vybir	choice
(хочеш) учити	(khochesh) uchyty	(you want) to study
улюблений	uliublenyi	favourite
думаю	dumaiu	I think
що	shcho	that
цікавий / цікаві	tsikavyi / tsikavi	interesting (sing. masc. / pl.)
тому	tomu	this is why

Audio 3 Let’s take a closer look at this dialogue. Danylo starts conversation with the phrase: Mamo, dyvys, tse lyst zi shkoly which means ‘Mum, look, this is a letter from school’. You have probably noticed change of ending in the word Mum in phrase mamo, dyvys (‘Mum, look’) and you might remember word dyvys (‘look’) from Week 4. Tse lyst zi shkoly (‘this is a letter from school’). Viktoriia takes the letter and says: O, shcho tut pyshut? Treba vybraty predmety which means ‘Oh, what do they write here? One has to choose subjects.’ Shcho tut pyshut? literally means ‘What here they write?’ Pyshut means ‘they write’. Verb’s ending shows that this is 3rd person plural. As you can see, Viktoriia does not use pronoun vony (they) because it’s not important who precisely wrote the letter. Verb’s ending shows that this is 3^rd person plural. As you can see, Viktoriia does not use pronoun vony (they) because it’s not important who precisely wrote the letter. Next phrase contains very useful word: Treba vybraty predmety. Treba means ‘one has to…’, ‘one must’, ‘one should’, ‘it is necessary’. Let’s repeat it together: treba ____, treba _____. This word is usually followed by infinitive. Let’s repeat this together: treba vybraty _______, treba vybraty _______. Predmety is plural of predmet (‘subject’). Let’s repeat it together: predmet _______(sing.), predmety _______ (pl.). Danylo replies: Tak, mamo. Ye oboviazkovi predmety (Yes, Mum. There are compulsory subjects).Oboviazkovyi means compulsory, oboviazkovi is plural form. Danylo lists these subjects: Tse anhliiska mova i literatura, matematyka, fizyka, khimiia, biolohiia ta inozemna mova (‘These are the English language and literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and a foreign language’). Viktoriia asks: A yaki predmety mozhna vybraty? (‘And which subjects one can choose?’) Pay attention to the word mozhna: it means ‘one can’, ‘one may’, ‘it is possible’. Please repeat it with me: mozhna ______, mozhna ________. It is often followed by infinitive: mozhna vybraty ___________ (one can choose). This word is really useful when you want to ask for something, for example, mozhna yabluko? means ‘may I have an apple?’ Danylo points to the list of subjects to choose from: Os spysok (‘Here is the list’). Viktoriia reads the list: Otzhe, istoriia, heohrafiia, ekonomika, biznes, sotsiolohiia, drama, muzyka, maliuvannia, kompiuterni tekhnolohii, fotohrafiia. (‘So, history, geography, economics, business, sociology, drama, music, art, computer science and photography’). Viktoriia replies: Yakyi velykyi vybir!(‘What a big choice!’ Danylo continues: Treba vybraty try predmety, which means ‘One has to choose three subjects’. Viktoriia asks her son: Yaki predmety ty khochesh uchyty? (‘Which subjects do you want to study?’) Danylo answers: Mii uliublenyi predmet – heohrafiia (‘My favourite subject is geography’). Let’s repeat word uliublenyi (‘favourite’): uliublenyi _______, uliublenyi_________.Danylo continues: Dumaiu, shcho sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika – tsikavi predmety (‘I think, that sociology and economics are interesting subjects’). Remember word ‘dumaiiu’ (I think) which can be used with or without pronoun ya (‘I’). Let’s repeat it together: ya dumaiiu______, dumaiiu _______. Tsikavi is plural of tsikavyi (‘interesting’). Danylo sums up his choice: Tomu mii vybir – heohrafiia, sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika (‘This is why my choice is geography, sociology and economics’). Viktoriia expresses her opinion: Harnyi vybir! (‘Good choice!’) Now listen to the dialogue once again. Take a closer look (Audio 3 transcript) Let’s take a closer look at this dialogue. Danylo starts conversation with the phrase: Mamo, dyvys, tse lyst zi shkoly which means ‘Mum, look, this is a letter from school’. You have probably noticed change of ending in the word Mum in phrase mamo, dyvys (‘Mum, look’) and you might remember word dyvys (‘look’) from Week 4. Tse lyst zi shkoly (‘this is a letter from school’). Viktoriia takes the letter and says: O, shcho tut pyshut? Treba vybraty predmety which means ‘Oh, what do they write here? One has to choose subjects.’ Shcho tut pyshut? literally means ‘What here they write?’ Pyshut means ‘they write’. Verb’s ending shows that this is 3rd person plural. As you can see, Viktoriia does not use pronoun vony (they) because it’s not important who precisely wrote the letter. Next phrase contains very useful word: Treba vybraty predmety. Treba means ‘one has to…’, ‘one must’, ‘one should’, ‘it is necessary’. Let’s repeat it together: treba ____, treba _____. This word is usually followed by infinitive. Let’s repeat this together: treba vybraty _______, treba vybraty _______. Predmety is plural of predmet (‘subject’). Let’s repeat it together: predmet _______(sing.), predmety _______ (pl.). Danylo replies: Tak, mamo. Ye oboviazkovi predmety (Yes, Mum. There are compulsory subjects).Oboviazkovyi means compulsory, oboviazkovi is plural form. Danylo lists these subjects: Tse anhliiska mova i literatura, matematyka, fizyka, khimiia, biolohiia ta inozemna mova (‘These are the English language and literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and a foreign language’). Viktoriia asks: A yaki predmety mozhna vybraty? (‘And which subjects one can choose?’) Pay attention to the word mozhna: it means ‘one can’, ‘one may’, ‘it is possible’. Please repeat it with me: mozhna ______, mozhna ________. It is often followed by infinitive: mozhna vybraty ___________ (one can choose). This word is really useful when you want to ask for something, for example, mozhna yabluko? means ‘may I have an apple?’ Danylo points to the list of subjects to choose from: Os spysok (‘Here is the list’). Viktoriia reads the list: Otzhe, istoriia, heohrafiia, ekonomika, biznes, sotsiolohiia, drama, muzyka, maliuvannia, kompiuterni tekhnolohii, fotohrafiia. (‘So, history, geography, economics, business, sociology, drama, music, art, computer science and photography’). Viktoriia replies: Yakyi velykyi vybir!(‘What a big choice!’ Danylo continues: Treba vybraty try predmety, which means ‘One has to choose three subjects’. Viktoriia asks her son: Yaki predmety ty khochesh uchyty? (‘Which subjects do you want to study?’) Danylo answers: Mii uliublenyi predmet – heohrafiia (‘My favourite subject is geography’). Let’s repeat word uliublenyi (‘favourite’): uliublenyi _______, uliublenyi_________. Danylo continues: Dumaiu, shcho sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika – tsikavi predmety (‘I think, that sociology and economics are interesting subjects’). Remember word ‘dumaiiu’ (I think) which can be used with or without pronoun ya (‘I’). Let’s repeat it together: ya dumaiiu______, dumaiiu _______. Tsikavi is plural of tsikavyi (‘interesting’). Danylo sums up his choice: Tomu mii vybir – heohrafiia, sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika (‘This is why my choice is geography, sociology and economics’). Viktoriia expresses her opinion: Harnyi vybir! (‘Good choice!’) Now listen to the dialogue once again.

Don’t forget: in these activities, you can re-record over previous recordings until you are satisfied with your pronunciation. Activity 1: Audio recorder 20 minutes First listen to the example. Danylo says his favourite subject is geography. Following the model in the example, say: 1. My favourite subject is literature. Record yourself and check your pronunciation by comparing it with the model answer. 2. My favourite subject is mathematics. Record yourself and check your pronunciation by comparing it with the model answer. 3. My favourite subject is physical education. Record yourself and check your pronunciation by comparing it with the model answer. 4. My favourite subject is history. Record yourself and check your pronunciation by comparing it with the model answer. There are model answers on the recording and a written version in the transcript. Now for a more challenging activity! Activity 2: Audio recorder 15 minutes Danylo says Думаю, що соціологія та економіка – цікаві предмети.Dumaiu, shcho sotsiolohiia ta ekonomika – tsikavi predmety. This means ‘I think sociology and economics are interesting subjects.’ 1. ‘I think history and geography are interesting subjects.’ Record yourself and check your pronunciation by listening to the model answer. 2. ‘I think chemistry and physics are interesting subjects.’ Record yourself and check your pronunciation by listening to the model answer. There are model answers on the recording and a written version in the transcript.

Figure 3 Ukraine Info banner. Fabric Ukrainian flag.

Ukrainian children start school at the age of 6. A lot of children attend kindergarten before school. Typically, children spend whole day in kindergarten. This is why they have separate bedrooms where they have an afternoon nap. Children are normally organised in year groups which allows teachers to conduct activities according to their age. Children play indoors and on playgrounds, have classes, music, dance and sport activities. Although it might seem to be very late to start school at the age of 6 for the British, Ukrainian children learn to read, write in block letters and count in their kindergarten and they usually have an interview when they join school, which allows teachers to balance groups. School education in Ukraine is compulsory and free. In most cases, primary and secondary stages of education are united in one school and children don’t have to change school if they don’t want to. However, there are also specialised schools, especially in cities, with emphasis on certain areas of learning (for example, art, foreign languages, maths or science). School education lasts 12 years. There are also colleges in Ukraine which provide secondary education and vocational training at the same time. Children who want to get vocational training and are not planning to study at university apply to colleges after Year 9. Ukrainians have always valued education. Although university diplomas do not guarantee high salaries, most parents send their children to university. There were many universities in Ukraine before the Russian invasion. They attracted not only Ukrainians, but also foreign students, mostly from the Middle East, India, China and Africa.

If you are hosting a Ukrainian family, you might find this information helpful for your guests. You don’t have to learn this. Just show this table to your guests if they need this information. Table 2: The UK school system

English	Ukrainian
Nursery school (from age 3)	Дитячий садочок (з 3 років)
Primary school (from age 4)	Початкова школа (з 4 років)
Secondary school (from age 11)	Старша школа (з 11 років)
GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)	Загальний сертифікат про середню освіту
GCSEs (exams taken at age 15-16)	Іспити на Загальний сертифікат про середню освіту (складаються у віці 15-16 років)
Sixth Form	Останній етап середньої освіти, що триває два роки (17-18 років)
A-levels	Іспити після дворічного курсу Sixth Form, необхідні для вступу до університету.
In Scotland, the system is different. Most children will be around 15 when they take National exams. They can choose to stay in secondary school for two more years to take exams for Higher qualifications – which they’ll need to apply for university – and Advanced Highers – equivalent to the first year of university and used for applying to enter the second year of university.	У Шотландії інша система. Більшості дітей буде близько 15 років, коли вони складатимуть національні іспити. Вони можуть залишитися в середній школі ще на два роки, щоб скласти іспити для отримання вищої кваліфікації, яка їм знадобиться, щоб подати заяву на вступ до університету, і Advanced Highers, що еквівалентно першому курсу університету та використовується для подання заяви на другий рік навчання університет.

Figure 4 Photo of a GP talking to a mother and child.

Hopefully your Ukrainian guests and friends will enjoy good health, but in case you need to help them with medical issues or accompany them to a doctor’s appointment, this section includes some relevant language. The vocabulary in this section is detailed because it is also intended for healthcare professionals.

Figure 1 (repeated) Speech bubble with the text: Important tip! Learn only the language which is relevant for you. You can’t learn everything.

Let’s start by asking ‘How are you feeling?’ Як Ви себе почуваєте? Yak vy sebe pochuvaiete? How do you feel? / How are you feeling? (pl.) This is the plural form – if you are a healthcare professional, talking with a patient, you would use this polite plural form. Як ти себе почуваєш? Yak ty sebe pochuvaiesh? How do you feel? How are you feeling? (singular, informal). A host would probably say this to a guest. We hope the reply will be dobre or even duzhe dobre or chudovo but just in case, there are some other answers in the table and audio below. Audio 12 -Yak vy sebe pochuvaiete? - How are you feeling? (pl.) Yak ty sebe pochuvaiesh? - How are you feeling? (sing.) pohano - bad ya vtomlenyi (masc.) ya vtomlena (fem.) - I am tired u mene stres - I am stressed u mene depresiia - I am depressed Audio 12 transcript: How are you feeling?

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Як Ви себе почуваєте?	Yak vy sebe pochuvaiete?	How are you feeling? (pl.)
Як ти себе почуваєш?	Yak ty sebe pochuvaiesh?	How are you feeling? (sing.)
погано	pohano	bad
я втомлений (masc.)я втомленa (fem.)	ya vtomlenyi (masc.)ya vtomlena (fem.)	I am tired
у мене стрес	u mene stres	I am stressed
у мене депресія	u mene depresiia	I am depressed

Listen to the recording and read the table to familiarise yourself with the new language. Pressing pause and repeating each word out loud will help you learn. Audio 13 Holova head, zhyvit abdomen, spyna back, hrudy chest, breasts, noha leg, foot ruka arm, hand palets finger, toe, oblychchia face, oko eye, vukho ear, nis nose, rot mouth, horlo throat, sertse heart, shlunok stomach. Audio 13 transcript: Parts of the body

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
голова	holova	head
живіт	zhyvit	abdomen
спина	spyna	back
груди	hrudy	chest, breasts
нога	noha	leg, foot
рука	ruka	arm, hand
палець	palets	finger, toe
обличчя	oblychchia	face
око	oko	eye
вухо	vukho	ear
ніс	nis	nose
рот	rot	mouth
горло	horlo	throat
серце	sertse	heart
шлунок	shlunok	stomach
зуб	zub	tooth

Let’s listen to the dialogue between a patient (пацієнтка patsiientka) and a doctor (лікарка likarka). You can read the transcript below. Audio 14 –Dobryi den! –Dobryi den! Shcho u vas bolyt? –U mene bolyt horlo, holova i vysoka temperatura. –U vas tonzylit. Treba pyty antybiotyky. U vas ye alerhiia na liky? –Ni. –Dobre. Os retsept. –Yak dovho treba pyty antybiotyky? –Piat dniv, ves kurs. –Diakuiu, do pobachennia! –Oduzhuite! Budte zdorovi! Audio 14 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration
Пацієнтка Добрий день!	Patsiientka Dobryi den!
Лікарка Добрий день! Що у вас болить?	Likarka Dobryi den! Shcho u vas bolyt?
Пацієнтка У мене болить горло, голова і висока температура.	Patsiientka U mene bolyt horlo, holova i vysoka temperatura.
Лікарка У вас тонзиліт. Треба пити антибіотики. У вас є алергія на ліки?	Likarka U vas tonzylit. Treba pyty antybiotyky. U vas ye alerhiia na liky?
Пацієнтка Ні.	Patsiientka Ni.
Лікарка Добре. Ось рецепт.	Likarka Dobre. Os retsept.
Пацієнтка Як довго треба пити антибіотики?	Patsiientka Yak dovho treba pyty antybiotyky?
Лікарка Пʼять днів, весь курс.	Likarka Piat dniv, ves kurs.
Пацієнтка Дякую, до побачення!	Patsiientka Diakuiu, do pobachennia!
Лікарка Одужуйте! Будьте здорові!	Likarka Oduzhuite! Budte zdorovi!

Audio 15 Let’s take a closer look at the dialogue between a patient and a doctor. It starts with usual greeting Dobryi den (‘Good day!’), after which doctor asks Shcho u vas bolyt? which literally means ‘What pain do you have?’) This is a plural form. Let’s repeat it together: Shcho u vas bolyt?_______ Shcho u vas bolyt?___________. Singular form is Shcho v tebe bolyt? Let’s repeat together: Shcho v tebe bolyt?___________ Shcho v tebe bolyt?____________. The patient answers: U mene bolyt horlo, holova i vysoka temperatura, which means ‘My throat hurts, I have a headache and a high temperature’. Let’s look attentively at this sentence. If you want to say in Ukrainian that you feel pain, you should say u mene bolyt (‘I have pain’) and name body part. Let’s say together: u mene bolyt horlo _________ (‘My throat hurts’), u mene bolyt horlo ___________. Another example: u mene bolyt holova ______ (‘I have a headache’), u mene bolyt holova _______. Please note that prepositions u and v are interchangeable in Ukrainian, they mean the same. One can say: u mene bolyt holova and v mene bolyt holova. Let’s continue with the dialogue. Since word temperatura (‘temperature’) is a feminine noun, adjective vysokyi (‘high’) is used in feminine form: vysoka temperatura ___________, vysoka temperatura __________. Doctor replies: U vas tonzylit. Treba pyty antybiotyky. (‘You have tonsillitis. You need to use antibiotics’ and asks: U vas ye alerhiia na liky? (literally ‘Do you have an allergy to any medicines?’). Let’s repeat together: liky _____ liky ____. The patient answers: Ni (‘No’). Doctor says: Dobre. Os retsept na liky (‘Good. Here is a prescription for medication’). The patient asks: Yak dovho treba pyty antybiotyky? (‘How long should I take antibiotics?’). Verb pyty means ‘to drink’. Since drugs are often pills which are taken with water, they often say in Ukrainian pyty liky (‘to drink drugs’). Doctor answers: Piat dniv, ves kurs (‘Five days, whole course’). Then patient thanks the doctor and says goodbye: Diakuiu, do pobachennia! The doctor replies: Oduzhuite! Budte zdorovi! which means ‘Get well! Be healthy!’ The last phrase is sometimes used in Ukraine in the meaning of ‘goodbye’. Let’s say these phrases together: oduzhuite! ________(‘get well!’), oduzhuite! ________; budte zdorovi! _________ (‘be healthy!’), budte zdorovi! __________ . Now listen to the dialogue once again. Let’s take a closer look (Audio 15 transcript) Let’s take a closer look at the dialogue between a patient and a doctor. It starts with usual greeting Dobryi den (‘Good day!’), after which doctor asks Shcho u vas bolyt? which literally means ‘What pain do you have?’) This is a plural form. Let’s repeat it together: Shcho u vas bolyt?_______ Shcho u vas bolyt?___________. Singular form is Shcho v tebe bolyt? Let’s repeat together: Shcho v tebe bolyt?___________ Shcho v tebe bolyt?____________. The patient answers: U mene bolyt horlo, holova i vysoka temperatura, which means ‘My throat hurts, I have a headache and a high temperature’. Let’s look attentively at this sentence. If you want to say in Ukrainian that you feel pain, you should say u mene bolyt (‘I have pain’) and name body part. Let’s say together: u mene bolyt horlo _________ (‘My throat hurts’), u mene bolyt horlo ___________. Another example: u mene bolyt holova ______ (‘I have a headache’), u mene bolyt holova _______. Please note that prepositions u and v are interchangeable in Ukrainian, they mean the same. One can say: u mene bolyt holova and v mene bolyt holova. Let’s continue with the dialogue. Since word temperatura (‘temperature’) is a feminine noun, adjective vysokyi (‘high’) is used in feminine form: vysoka temperatura ___________, vysoka temperatura __________. Doctor replies: U vas tonzylit. Treba pyty antybiotyky. (‘You have tonsillitis. You need to use antibiotics’ and asks: U vas ye alerhiia na liky? (literally ‘Do you have an allergy to any medicines?’). Let’s repeat together: liky _____ liky ____. The patient answers: Ni (‘No’). Doctor says: Dobre. Os retsept na liky (‘Good. Here is a prescription for medication’). The patient asks: Yak dovho treba pyty antybiotyky? (‘How long should I take antibiotics?’). Verb pyty means ‘to drink’. Since drugs are often pills which are taken with water, they often say in Ukrainian pyty liky (‘to drink drugs’). Doctor answers: Piat dniv, ves kurs (‘Five days, whole course’). Then patient thanks the doctor and says goodbye: Diakuiu, do pobachennia! The doctor replies: Oduzhuite! Budte zdorovi! which means “Get well! Be healthy!’ The last phrase is sometimes used in Ukraine in the meaning of ‘goodbye’. Let’s say these phrases together: oduzhuite! ________(‘get well!’), oduzhuite! ________; budte zdorovi! _________ (‘be healthy!’), budte zdorovi! __________ . Now listen to the dialogue once again. Now let’s learn the new language in the recording. Read the table and listen to Audio 14 again. Table 3: Language summary: a GP appointment

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
Що у вас болить? (pl.)Що у тебе болить? (sing.)	Shcho u vas bolyt? (pl.)Shcho u tebe bolyt? (sing.)	What pain do you have?
У мене болить горло	U mene bolyt horlo	My throat aches.
У мене болить голова	U mene bolyt holova	I have a headache.
висока температура	vysoka temperatura	high temperature
тонзиліт	tonzylit	tonsillitis
антибіотики	antybiotyky	antibiotics
алергія на ліки	alerhiia na liky	allergy to drugs
ліки	liky	drugs
рецепт	retsept	prescription
Як довго…?	Yak dovho…?	How long…?
весь курс	ves kurs	whole course
Одужуйте!	Oduzhuite!	Get well!
Будьте здорові!	Budte zdorovi!	literally – be healthy! (is used sometimes to say ‘goodbye’)

Have a go at Activity 3. Activity 3: Practise the new language 15 minutes Select the correct information dropdown menu

Figure 5 Graphic of a person doing yoga, with parts of the body labelled. The head is labelled (1) arm is (2) fingers (3) neck (4) heart (5) stomach (6) leg (7) and the toes are labelled (3).

For each number in the picture, select the correct word from the dropdown menu. голова holova 1 рука ruka 2 палець palets 3 горло horlo 4 серце sertse 5 шлунок shlunok 6 нога noha 7 The matching pairs are голова holova рука ruka палець palets горло horlo серце sertse шлунок shlunok нога noha

Don’t forget: in these activities, you can re-record over previous recordings until you are satisfied with your pronunciation. Pretend to be each of these people in turn. Your doctor asks where your pain is. Look at each picture and listen to the question. Record your answer and check with the model answer on the recording. You hear the question Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Audio 16 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Record your reply and compare it with the model answer on the recording. Rerecord your answer until you are satisfied with your pronunciation Audio 18 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Audio 20 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Audio 22 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Audio 24 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? Audio 26 Що у вас болить? Shcho u vas bolyt? To revise the health-related language in this unit, watch the Video 1: A visit to the doctor. Video 1 A visit to the doctor A visit to the doctor Shcho u vas bolyt? Ruka, U mene bolyt ruka; palets, U mene bolyt palets; holova, U mene bolyt holova; hrudy, noha, U mene bolyt, noha; zhyvit, U mene bolyt zhyvit; oblychchia; Shcho u vas bolyt? Horlo (throat), U mene bolyt horlo; vukho, U mene bolyt vukho; zub, U mene bolyt zub; nis, U mene bolyt nis; oko, U mene bolyt oko; Shcho u vas bolyt? Sertse, U mene bolyt sertse; shlunok, U mene bolyt shlunok; likar, liky, likarka, likarnia, medbrat, medsestra.

The words in bold are useful for everyone. The rest are useful for health workers and other people may need them in specific situations. You can share the list with your Ukrainian guests and friends and point to the Ukrainian translation if necessary. Take it with you if you accompany your guests to a medical appointment. Audio 28 transcript

Ukrainian	Transliteration	English translation
медицина	medytsyna	medicine; healthcare
здоровʼя	zdorovia (pronounced as zdorov-ya)	health
Національна служба охорони здоровʼя	Natsionalna sluzhba okhorony zdorovia	NHS
безкоштовна медицина	bezkoshtovna medytsyna	free healthcare
ліки	liky	medicines
аптека	apteka	pharmacy
лікар загальної практики (сімейний лікар)	likar zahalnoi praktyky	GP
зареєструватися в сімейного лікаря	zareiestruvatysia v simeinoho likaria	to register with the GP
стоматолог / дантист	stomatoloh / dantyst	dentist
медичний центр	medychnyi tsentr	GP practice / medical centre
лікарня	likarnia	hospital
медична історія	medychna istoriia	medical history
планова вакцинація	planova vaktsynatsiia	routine vaccination
щеплення	shcheplennia	jab
ковід-19, коронавірус	kovid-19, koronavirus	Covid-19, coronavirus
рак	rak	cancer
діабет	diabet	diabetes
направлення до спеціаліста	napravlennia do spetsialista	referral to a specialist
вагітність	vahitnist	pregnancy
вагітна	vahitna	pregnant
пологи	polohy	delivery (childbirth)
аналіз крові	analiz krovi	blood test
аналіз сечі	analiz sechi	urine test
рентген	renthen	X-ray
ультразвук	ultrazvuk	ultrasound
МРТ (магнітно-резонансна томограма)	MRT (mahnitno-rezonansna tomohrama)	MRI scan

Audio 28 medytsyna medicine, healthcare zdorovia (pronounced as zdorov-ya) health Natsionalna sluzhba okhorony zdorovia NHS bezkoshtovna medytsyna free healthcare liky medicines apteka pharmacy likar zahalnoi praktyky GP zareiestruvatysia v simeinoho likaria to register with the GP stomatoloh / dantyst dentist medychnyi tsentr GP practice / medical centre likarnia hospital medychna istoriia medical history planova vaktsynatsiia routine vaccination shcheplennia jab kovid-19, koronavirus Covid-19, coronavirus rak cancer diabet diabetes napravlennia do spetsialista referral to a specialist vahitnist pregnancy vahitna pregnant polohy delivery (childbirth) analiz krovi blood test analiz sechi urine test renthen X-ray ultrazvuk ultrasound MRT (mahnitno-rezonansna tomohrama) MRI scan

This week you will learn the remaining consonants, practice all the alphabet and learn about use of apostrophe. Here are the consonants we shall be working with: Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ. You have learned already ‘false friends’ from this list – Рр, Сс and Хх. There is one ‘true friend’ in this list – letter Тт. Audio 29 Read, listen and repeat after me. Pa – ap po – op pu – up pe – ep py – yp pi – ip ra – ar ro – or ru – ur re – er ry – yr ri – ir са – ас со – ос су – ус се – ес си – ис сі – іс ta – at to – ot tu – ut te – et ty – yt ti – it fa – af fo – of fu – uf fe – ef fy – yf fi – if kha – akh kho – okh khu – ukh khe – ekh khy – ykh khi – ikh tsa – ats tso – ots tsu – uts tse – ets tsy – yts tsi – its cha – ach cho – och chu – uch che – ech chy – ych chi – ich sha – ash sho – osh shu – ush she – esh shy – ysh shi – ish shcha – ashch shcho – oshch shchu – ushch shche – eshch shchy – yshch shchi – ishch Audio 29 transcript

ра – ар	ро – ор	ру – ур	ре - ер	ри – ир	рі – ір
са – ас	со – ос	су – ус	се – ес	си – ис	сі – іс
та – ат	то – от	ту – ут	те – ет	ти – ит	ті – іт
фа – аф	фо – оф	фу – уф	фе – еф	фи – иф	фі – іф
ха – ах	хо – ох	ху – ух	хе – ех	хи – их	хі – іх
ца – ац	цо – оц	цу – уц	це – ец	ци – иц	ці – іц
ча – ач	чо – оч	чу – уч	че – еч	чи – ич	чі – іч
ша – аш	шо – ош	шу – уш	ше – еш	ши – иш	ші – іш
ща – ащ	що – ощ	щу – ущ	ще – ещ	щи – ищ	щі – іщ

Read the words below and listen to audio after reading to check your pronunciation. Activity 4: Consonants 20 minutes 1) Geographical names: Don’t forget: in this activity, you read each word first and then listen. Полтава, Тернопіль, Черкаси, Чернігів, Чернівці, Дніпро, Донецьк, Харків. Україна, Англія, Шотландія, Ірландія, Уельс, Велика Британія. Audio 30 Geographical names: Poltava, Ternopil, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Dnipro, Donetsk, Kharkiv. Ukraina, Anhliia, Shotlandiia, Irlandiia, Uels, Velyka Brytaniia. 2) Food. In this activity, you read each word first and then listen. Помідор, печиво, хліб, яйце, цукор, цукерка, чай, черешня, шоколад, борщ. Audio 31 Food: Pomidor, pechyvo, khlib, yaitse, tsukor, tsukerka, chai, chereshnia, shokolad, borshch. 3) School related words. In this activity, you read each word first and then listen. Школа, фізика, хімія, соціологія, три, чотири, шість. Audio 32 School related words: Shkola, fizyka, khimiia, sotsiolohiia, try, chotyry, shist. 4) Parts of the body. Рука, нога, вухо, голова, спина. In this activity, you read each word first and then listen. Audio 33 Parts of body: Ruka, noha, vukho, holova, spyna.

Apart from soft sign (ь), Ukrainians have another special sign – apostrophe. It is used before letters я, ю, є and ї. It shows that the previous consonant is ‘hard’ and the next letter (я, ю, є and ї) indicates two sounds: consonant [y] like in English word York and a vowel а, у, е, і. Activity 5 15 minutes 1. Read, listen and repeat. Ря – рʼя, рю – рʼю, бя – бʼя, бє – бʼє, пю – пʼю, пя – пʼя, ві – вʼї, вя – вʼя, мя – мʼя, мі – мʼї, фя – фʼя, фє – фʼє. Audio 34 Ря – рʼя, рю – рʼю, бя – бʼя, бє – бʼє, пю – пʼю, пя – пʼя, ві – вʼї, вя – вʼя, мя – мʼя, мі – мʼї, фя – фʼя, фє – фʼє. 2. Try reading these words independently, then listen to the audio and repeat. 1) Маріанна – Марʼяна, Дарія – Дарʼя. 2) пюре – компʼютер; свято – здоровʼя; вечеря – Дарʼя; рюкзак – курʼєр. Audio 35 1) Маріанна – Марʼяна, Дарія – Дарʼя. 2) пюре – компʼютер; свято – здоровʼя; вечеря – Дарʼя; рюкзак – курʼєр. Well done, if you managed to read most of these words independently! 3. Try reading these words independently, then listen to the audio and repeat. Пʼять, мʼясо, імʼя, сімʼя, здоровʼя. Audio 36 Try reading these words independently, then listen to the audio and repeat. P-yat, m-yaso, im-ya, sim-ya, zdorov-ya. Well done, if you managed to read most of these words independently!

This week’s festival is Ukrainian Independence Day, which is celebrated on 24 August. It is a public holiday. Parades, festivals, concerts and fireworks take place across the country. Ukrainians abroad also celebrate this memorable day, organising concerts and gatherings in their communities.

Figure 6 Photo of the front of 10 Downing Street, London (home of UK Prime Minister), decorated with sunflowers and blue flowers for Independence Day. The blue flowers are at the top, so it looks like the Ukrainian flag.

This year, it was marked by shows of solidarity with Ukraine around the world. In London, 10 Downing Street was decorated with sunflowers and the Ukrainian flag flew over government buildings.

Figure 7 Photo of the Ukrainian flag flying from government buildings in Horseguards Parade, with the London Eye in the background.

Also in London, the Scots Guards played Kalush Orchestra’s Stefania, the song which won Eurovision for Ukraine. You can watch the original in Week 3, but this version is also brilliant! Video 2 Kalush Orchestra’s Stefania (The Open University is not responsible for external content.)

Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. At the end of nineteen eighties, the Soviet Union went through a liberalisation process known as ‘perestroika’. The Soviet economy and indeed the political system itself was on the brink of collapse. In Ukraine, this was the time when scale of Stalin’s terror and of the whole Soviet period was revealed. Ukrainians started speaking publicly about the Holodomor (Great Famine); biographies and works of previously forbidden Ukrainian authors, executed by Soviet regime, were published, although the Soviet government was still trying to hide the truth about the Chornobyl nuclear disaster (1986). Questions were raised about the future of Ukraine. Many non-governmental organisations and political movements arose at that time. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Parliament (the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time) adopted the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. On 1 December 1991, Ukrainians supported this document by voting on a referendum in which 90.32% of voters said ‘yes’ to an independent Ukraine. Establishing democracy in the shadow of Putin’s Russia has not been easy. In 2004, peaceful mass protests throughout Ukraine, known as the Orange Revolution, resulted in the election of a pro-European president.

Figure 8 Peaceful protests in Kyiv’s main square, Maidan, during the 2004 Orange Revolution Night-time photo of peaceful protests in Kyiv’s main square, Maidan, during the 2004 Orange Revolution.

There were further widespread protests in 2014, when the government abruptly decided not to implement an association agreement with the European Union and instead to move closer to Russia. This was the EuroMaidan movement. In Kyiv, protesters set up a peaceful and well-organised camp with communal facilities and stages for cultural events. Despite police brutality which caused over a hundred deaths, the protests led to the removal of the pro-Russian president and prime minister.

Figure 9 Euromaidan protest camp in 2014 Photo of people at a concert in the Euromaidan protest camp in 2014. Above the stage are the words Slava Ukraini in big letters and illuminated .

The other very serious consequence of Euromaidan was beginning of open Russian intervention. In 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula and started the war in Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine. A new stage of Russia’s war in Ukraine started on 24 February 2022. Its aims are the occupation of Ukraine and suppression of its independence.

The invasion has disrupted every aspect of life for Ukrainians, including education. It has also generated brave and creative ways to make sure that learning continues, both in schools and universities, in Ukraine and for displaced Ukrainians abroad. Here we focus on higher education. In Ukraine itself, many universities still function on site, for example in the city of Dnipro, despite the shelling. Other students learn remotely. Their teachers develop new ways of teaching and supporting them, as internet connections are poor or non-existent. Students learn in hotel rooms. Many have lost family members. Many displaced Ukrainian students are now studying outside Ukraine. The Open University is a University of Sanctuary. There are 12 scholarships for displaced students available in 2022/23. Each scholarship covers the tuition fees for a full OU undergraduate degree, over three years or longer. There are also 50 fee waivers available, which will each cover the cost of one OU Access module starting in Autumn 2022. For more information, follow these links: Experiences of higher education in Ukraine Sanctuary and general resources for Ukrainian refugees, hosts and others

This week, instead of a hope story from the media, you have a personal story from a Ukrainian displaced person living in the UK. It would be interesting to have more personal stories from Ukrainians about fleeing their motherland and their impressions of life in new places. If you are a Ukrainian or a host who could help your guest write their story in English, please post it in the My Story thread of the forum. Please don’t give real names or information which might help identify the writer. Knowledge exchange forum On 24 of February I woke up at 7am because my mom called me. She asked if I know what’s happening and that I must pack now and leave immediately because Russians bombed two airports around my hometown as well as military objects within the city. I asked her, where should I go, and she said ‘Go west’. I didn’t know what to pack as I never believed something like that would really happen, so I’ve chosen some most important things, including my passport, documents for my studies and money. I then packed some random very basic clothes and hygiene products. I was honestly lost and didn’t where to start and what to do, but I somehow managed to get prepared within 30 mins. I was starting to say goodbye to my grandma and my cat (my mom was at work at the time) and it all seemed like in the movie. I called a taxi and went to the bus station. To cut a long, exhausting story short – it took me two days to finally reach Poland. My aunt helped me to book a hotel and I decided to catch my breath for a couple of days before starting to think what’s next. Meanwhile, my city was being bombed and I couldn’t sleep at night because my parents were still there. In some time, I’ve decided that I will fly to Barcelona, Spain, as I didn’t know anyone in Poland and Barcelona was the place I knew and was familiar with. When I arrived, I met a girl, and the embassy helped us to be hosted by a local family. At this time, the UK had just launched a Ukraine Family scheme and as my aunt is a British citizen it was something we were waiting for. My family was also able to leave Ukraine and all of us applied for a visa and successfully got it. A long way from Warsaw to London, two days, changing three trains, we’re finally arrived in the UK. Impressions First impression – hard to remember really, but it was exciting. Then – absolutely not. After travelling to 18 countries, first time in my life I had a culture shock. Cons Firstly, there are more overweight people than I am used to seeing. I guess this is my personal exaggerated impression as I’m a doctor. Secondly – British supermarkets. Everything is very huge, big, you can’t just buy one item, you have to buy a pack of them. Everything looks and tastes very plastic, doesn’t seem to be healthy and natural. A lot of pre-made food. I’ve never seen so many pre-made dishes, and people actually buy lots of them. Not a big selection of fish. I didn’t expect it from the country literally located on an island. The only option is salmon and cod, which is mostly frozen. Not an eco-friendly country – everything is packed in plastic and no proper sorting of trash. You must have a car. Very hard to get to the place, as some villages don’t even have a supermarket and good bus connections to the bigger city. Buses and trains can often be late. Train strikes. Pros London Personally, I’m a big city person and I couldn’t live in a village or town. London is more expensive, but it encourages you to work more and to build your career. London is a more comfortable place to adjust, more similar to what we are used to, more European, multinational. Much better with commuting, a lot of options. Again, more what we are used to. A lot of opportunities for your personal and professional growth. Pricing Unlike Ukraine, food and clothes are much cheaper and more affordable. Good pay. Companies care about employees (personal experience). Healthcare Free access to healthcare. Preventive medicine – regular check-ups, etc.

As always, you have a choice of activities: Find out more about the history of independent Ukraine and write a post on forum. Find out more about how the invasion is affecting education in Ukrainian schools. In this week’s Language discussion, pretend you are unwell and describe your symptoms in Ukrainian (using the Ukrainian alphabet or transliteration). Keep it simple and use the language you have learned this week. Your fellow learners can translate what you have written into English and wish you a good recovery in Ukrainian. As always, you can post any questions about the language here as well. Language forum Knowledge exchange forum Ви молодець!! Vy molodets! You have finished the final unit of the course. You deserve to feel very proud of yourself and your Ukrainian friends and guests will really appreciate the hard work you have put into learning their language. This is not the end though! Keep reading the additional materials, such as the personal stories, and you still have access to the forums, so you can keep up to date. Take a look at our ‘Now read on’ document for some ideas and keep an eye out for more Ukrainian courses from The Open University. Now read on: More resources for learning about Ukrainian language and culture English language resources for Ukrainian refugees in the UK Introduction to Ukrainian language and culture: Key language You can also access a range of further free resources to support Ukrainians settling in the UK and Ireland, which is also now available as a Ukrainian language version. You can also access a range of further free resources to support Ukrainians settling in the UK and Ireland, which is also now available as a Ukrainian language version The Ukrainian alphabet This free course was written by Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence. The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course: Images Introduction Course image: alzay/Getty Images Figure 2: Ukranian Flag banner: LoopAll/Getty Images Figure 3: keyboard with both English and Ukrainian letters: YuriiBelov/Getty Images Figure 1: esvetleishaya/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus Figure 3: Courtesy: Caroline Rowan-Olive Figure 4: Valeriy G/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 5: Farknot_Architect/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 7: fizkes/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 8: jacoblund/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 9: monkeybusinessimages/Getty Images Figure 10: LoopAll/Getty Images Figures 2, 11, 12, 13 : courtesy: Olga (Olha) Volosova Figure 14: Joe Giddens/PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo Activity 9: Masculine and feminine endings Images from top: Liudmila Chernetska/iStock/Getty Images Plus; andreswd/Getty Images; 6okean/iStock/Getty Images Plus; T Turovska/iStock/Getty Images Plus; mixetto/Getty Images; Greentellect_Studio/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Inner Vision Pro/Alamy Stock Photo; Anilsharma26 https://pixabay.com/de/photos/bildung-klassenzimmer-lehrer-7047133/ Figure 1: MarianVejcik/iStock /Getty Images Plus Figure 3: Ivan Kozachenko/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figures: 4/5/6: Sinenkiy/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figures: 7/8/9/10 Introduction to Ukrainian language and culture: Week 2: 2 - OpenLearn - Open University Figure 11: LoopAll/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 13: courtesy: Olga (Olha) Volosova Figure 14: Ukraine, Kiev - Palm Sunday 2015 Corneliu Cazacu http://corneliucazacu.com/portfolios/ukraine-kiev-palm-sunday-2015/ Figure 15: source Period: Easter in quarantine: how Easter cakes will be celebrated in Ukraine (12kanal.com) Figure 16: eric mccowat/Alamy Stock Photo Illustrations: Activity 2: Who is where: (a) GLopezR /40 Bilder/Pixabay https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/uk-england-land-karte-london-2178613/ (b) https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/ukraine-karte-flagge-7046472/ Figure 1: Vlad Yushinov/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 2: WDG Photo/shutterstock Figure 5: LoopAll/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 6: adapted courtesy: ©Marta Jenkala Figure 7: By Africa Studio/shutterstock Figure 8: Orest Lyzhechka/iStock/Getty Images Plus Figure 9: Michael Doherty https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eurovision_2022_-_Semi-final_1_-_Ukraine_-_Kalush_Orchestra_%2801%29.jpg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en Figure 10: Ruslan Lytvyn/Alamy Stock Photo Illustrations 1.5: Which room: All illustrations from Pixabay 2.6 million+ Stunning Free Images to Use Anywhere - Pixabay 2.0 and 2.1: Time to practice: All illustrations from: Pixabay 2.6 million+ Stunning Free Images to Use Anywhere - Pixabay Ukranian Flag banner: LoopAll/Getty Images Figure 1: courtesy: Olga (Olha) Volosova Figure 2: Anna Kucherova/Shutterstock Figures 3/4: LoopAll/iStock/Getty Images Plus Activity 1: Learn by Matching: Peppers https://pixabay.com/de/photos/pfeffer-gem%c3%bcse-bauernmarkt-4564796/ Onions https://pixabay.com/de/photos/bauern-markt-zwiebeln-lebensmittel-4165546/ Apple https://pixabay.com/de/photos/apfel-rot-obst-lebensmittel-frisch-1834639/ Potatoes https://pixabay.com/de/photos/kartoffeln-gem%c3%bcse-wurzelgem%c3%bcse-5796/ Carrots https://pixabay.com/de/photos/m%c3%b6hren-orange-gem%c3%bcse-lebensmittel-382686/ Activity 2: Listen and speak Raspberries https://pixabay.com/de/photos/himbeeren-fr%c3%bcchte-lebensmittel-3583005/ Beetroot https://pixabay.com/de/photos/rote-beete-r%c3%bcben-hacken-3590360/ Cabbage https://pixabay.com/de/photos/kohl-gem%c3%bcse-gr%c3%bcnkohl-gr%c3%bcn-tau-1850722/ Peppers https://pixabay.com/de/photos/pfeffer-gem%c3%bcse-bauernmarkt-4564796/ Onions https://pixabay.com/de/photos/bauern-markt-zwiebeln-lebensmittel-4165546/ Apple https://pixabay.com/de/photos/apfel-rot-obst-lebensmittel-frisch-1834639/ Potatoes https://pixabay.com/de/photos/kartoffeln-gem%c3%bcse-wurzelgem%c3%bcse-5796/ Carrots https://pixabay.com/de/photos/m%c3%b6hren-orange-gem%c3%bcse-lebensmittel-382686/ 3.1 Practice new language Chocolate https://pixabay.com/de/photos/schokolade-tablette-schmecken-1277002/ Butter https://pixabay.com/de/photos/butter-gute-butter-fett-ern%c3%a4hrung-3411126/ Sausages https://pixabay.com/de/photos/w%c3%bcrstchen-fleisch-grill-2314654/ Meat https://pixabay.com/de/photos/fleisch-roh-nahrung-fleischst%c3%bcck-1769187/ Cheese https://pixabay.com/de/photos/k%c3%a4se-gerieben-scheiben-raclettek%c3%a4se-81403/ Milk https://pixabay.com/de/photos/trinken-wei%c3%9f-milch-ziege-1818550/ 3.2 What is it Bread https://pixabay.com/de/photos/brot-brote-kruste-frisch-gebacken-2193537/ Coffee https://pixabay.com/de/photos/cappuccino-trinken-tasse-kaffee-756490/ Meat https://pixabay.com/de/photos/fleisch-roh-nahrung-fleischst%c3%bcck-1769187/ Cheese https://pixabay.com/de/photos/k%c3%a4se-gerieben-scheiben-raclettek%c3%a4se-81403/ Ice cream https://unsplash.com/photos/TLD6iCOlyb0 Tea pouring https://pixabay.com/de/photos/tee-hei%c3%9f-tasse-tisch-tee-zeit-2356764/ Rice https://pixabay.com/de/photos/reis-reisschale-asiatisch-nahrung-2380808/ Ukranian Flag banner: LoopAll/Getty Images Figure 2: monkeybusinessimages/iStock / Getty Images Plus Figure 3: LoopAll/iStock / Getty Images Plus Figure 4: monkeybusinessimages/Getty Images Figure 5: https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/yoga-krieger-pose-haltung-mann-4749837/ Figure 6: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images Figure 7: courtesy: Olga (Olha) Volosova Figure 8: Alexandr Zadiraka/Shutterstock Figure 9: Alexey Pevnev/Shutterstock 2.4 Compare your pronunciation https://pixabay.com/de/illustrations/kopf-schmerz-betonen-mann-3390247/ https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/mann-alt-schmerz-brust-herzinfarkt-5491275/ https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/sport-k%c3%b6rperliche-sch%c3%a4den-2765769/ https://pixabay.com/de/illustrations/r%c3%bcckenschmerzen-schmerz-karosserie-5308969/ https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/husten-grippe-krank-virus-7231035/ https://pixabay.com/de/illustrations/fieber-krank-kalt-grippe-3590869/ Slides Slide 1: Serg_Velusceac/Getty Images; Slide 2: kingmaphotos/Pixabay; Slide 3: Pavlo Sukharchuk/Getty Images Video Video 1: Family © The Open University with thanks to: Video 1: Houses and homes © The Open University with thanks to: Illustrations from Pixabay 2.6 million+ Stunning Free Images to Use Anywhere - Pixabay and (family eating at table): robuart/iStock/Getty Images Plus Video 2: Geography © The Open University with thanks to: Map: adapted courtesy © Marta Jenkala; Compass: https://pixabay.com/de/vectors/karte-kompass-richtung-ost-norden-157700 / Video 1: Visit to the Doctor ©The Open University with thanks to: Ponomariova Maria/Getty Images; 2.6 million+ Stunning Free Images to Use Anywhere - Pixabay; Shotshop GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. 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