A branch of psychology which emphasises that humans are free agents in possession of consciousness and able to influence events in the world.

An important type of intra- and intermolecular attraction which is particularly important in and between biological molecules. Hydrogen bonds occur between H atoms that are attached to O or N atoms, and O or N atoms elsewhere in the same molecule or in an adjacent molecule.

Literally, ‘water-loving’, i.e. having a tendency to associate with (polar) water molecules.

Literally, ‘water-hating’, i.e. having a tendency to associate with non-polar molecules (such as each other) and away from water.

Excessive pain sensitivity to a given noxious stimulus. (Adjective: hyperalgesic.)

Elevated concentration of glucose in the circulation (above about 140 mg ml^-1).

The state of the body resulting from elevated temperature. Fever is the usual index of hyperthermia but there can also be heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Lowered concentration of glucose in the circulation (below about 70 mg ml^-1).

The hypothalamus is the brain region that lies at the base of the thalamus and is involved in the control of the body’s endocrine secretion. It is linked to the pituitary and adrenal glands through neuroendocrine links and the portal blood system.

The collection of nuclei below the thalamus which, amongst other things, helps to regulate the activities of the hormonal system and the autonomic nervous system.