A person who shoes horses.

An oath sworn to one’s lord promising faithful service as part of an act of homage.

Feargus O'Connor was a leading Chartist, who founded the Chartist newspaper, The Northern Star in 1837, and advocated the peasant ownership of land.

An association of Liberals. In the late nineteenth century north and south Wales were grouped in separate Liberal federations.

See South Wales Miners' Federation.

Dues owed to a lord of the manor by his tenants.

A social structure and system of land tenure based on the equation of landholding with military responsibility. The king granted land to his tenants-in-chief in return for military service and they infeudated their knights and retainers, while the actual farm work would be done by unfree labourers in return for the use of some land for themselves.

Mountain pastures or sheep walks.

Land held in return for homage and services (normally military).

A tax of foodstuffs upon a community for the maintenance of the court or one of its officers.