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Herodotus and the invention of history
Herodotus and the invention of history

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A drawing of a tree. In the leaves of the tree are the words ‘Fake news’. In its branches are written ‘rumour, hoaxes’, ‘information’, and ‘disinformation’; its trunk has ‘social media’. Its roots point to two word bubbles, in which are written: ‘Loss of confidence in traditional media’ and ‘Low levels of critical thinking and news literacy’ on the left; and on the right, ‘Shifts in business models’ and ‘Malicious actors’.
Figure 1 The roots of ‘fake news’, from UNESCO’s 2017/2018 Report into World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global.

 Introduction