The figure shows a computer-generated image of a coach with whistle looking out through a circular pie chart arrangement; directly below are two figures one seemingly looking under the skull of another (i.e. inside their head). Eight text items are listed arranged around this central motif with some small images accompanying some of them. At the very top of the figure the following information is given: ‘360 young male athletes completed a questionnaire package. Result emphasise the importance of having coaches promoting autonomy supportive atmospheres and avoiding controlling style to facilitate athletes’ well-being and to prevent their ill-being.

The text for each of the eight items is listed below:

1. Adopt an autonomy supportive style to enhance their athlete’s self-esteem and reduce their burnout.
2. It is important that athletes feel understood and valued, and that they are provided with options that are enjoyable and significant for them.
3. Support the development of players’ confidence in their ability to do things well in training and matches.
4. Encourage athletes to ask questions regarding activities in which they participate and trying to answer these questions fully and careful.
5. Understand how athletes feel and they try to make sure that athletes understand the goals of the activities in which they participate.
6. Try to avoid withholding your love, your attention and your affection when the athletes do not behave in the desired way.
7. Avoid becoming less friendly with the athletes when they don’t make the effort to see things in the way the coach sees them, or being less supportive when the athletes are not training or playing well.
8. Avoid using controlling behaviours, as these behaviours actively frustrate athletes’ psychological needs, and they consequently experience lower self-esteem and higher burnout.