Eutrophication
Skip contents

Contents

  • Introduction
  • Learning outcomes
  • 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Origin of the term ‘eutrophication’
    • 1.2 Resource availability and species diversity
    • 1.3 Natural eutrophication
    • 1.4 Human-induced eutrophication
  • 2 Effects of eutrophication
    • Introduction
    • 2.1 Effects on primary producers in freshwater ecosystems
      • 2.1.1 Loss of submerged plant communities
      • 2.1.2 Algal blooms
    • 2.2 Effects on consumers in freshwater ecosystems
    • 2.3 Effects on terrestrial vegetation
    • 2.4 Effects on marine systems
      • 2.4.1 Estuarine species
      • 2.4.2 Saltmarshes
  • 3 Causes and mechanisms of eutrophication
    • 3.1 Agents of eutrophication
      • 3.1.1 Phosphorus
      • 3.1.2 Nitrogen
    • 3.2 Anthropogenic sources of nutrients
      • 3.2.1 The atmosphere
      • 3.2.2 Domestic detergents
      • 3.2.3 Agricultural fertilizers
      • 3.2.4 Land use
      • 3.2.5 Sediments
    • 3.3 Mechanisms of eutrophication
  • 4 Managing eutrophication
    • Introduction
    • 4.1 Measuring and monitoring eutrophication
    • 4.2 Reducing eutrophication
    • 4.3 Reducing the nutrient source
      • 4.4.1 Diversion of effluent
      • 4.4.2 Phosphate stripping
      • 4.4.3 Buffer strips
    • 4.3 Reducing the nutrient source, continued
      • 4.3.4 Wetlands
      • 4.3.5 Domestic campaigns
    • 4.4 Reducing nutrient availability
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements

ou logoCreative Commons non-commercial share alike icon Except for third party materials and otherwise stated in the acknowledgements section, this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence

Please see full copyright statement and terms of use for more details.