Animals at the extremes: Polar biology
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# References

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Groscolas, R. (1982) Changes in plasma lipids during breeding, molting and starvation in male and female emperor penguins (Aptenodytes fosteri).Physiological Zoology, 55, 45–55.

Groscolas, R. (1986) Changes in body mass, body temperature and plasma fuel levels during the natural breeding fast in male and female emperor penguinsAptenodytes forsteri. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 156B, 521–527.

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Larsen, T. S., Nilsson, N. Ö. and Blix, A. S. (1985) Seasonal changes in lipogenesis and lipolysis in isolated adipocytes from Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 123, 97–104.

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Ramsay, M. A., Nelson, R. A. and Stirling, I. (1991) Seasonal changes in the ratio of serum urea to creatine in feeding and fasting polar bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 298–302.

Schekkerman, H., Tulp, I., Piersma, T. and Visser, G. H. (2003) Mechanisms promoting higher growth rate in arctic than in temperate shorebirds. Oecologia,134, 332–342.

Scholander, P. F, Van Dam, L., Kanwisher, J. W., Hammel, H. T. and Gordon, M. S. (1957) Supercooling and osmoregulation in arctic fish. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 49, 5–24.

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