Animals at the extremes: Polar biology
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## Contents

- Introduction
- Learning outcomes
- 1 Polar biology
  - 1.1 Preamble
  - 1.2 The polar environment
- 2 Environmental regulation of physiological processes
  - 2.1 Nutrient budgeting
  - 2.2 Migration for breeding
  - 2.3 Environmental regulation of breeding
  - 2.4 Variable fecundity
    - 2.4.1 Summary of Sections 1 and 2
- 3 Natural feasting and fasting
  - 3.1 Introduction
  - 3.2 Penguins
  - 3.3 Bears
    - 3.3.1 Dormancy in black and brown bears
  - 3.4 Bears (continued)
    - 3.4.1 Fasting in polar bears
  - 3.5 The structure of adipose tissue
    - 3.5.1 Summary of Section 3
- 4 Thermal insulation
  - 4.1 Insulation in terrestrial endotherms
  - 4.2 Insulation in aquatic endotherms
  - 4.3 Humans in polar regions
    - 4.3.1 Summary of Section 4
- 5 Polar ectotherms
  - 5.1 Introduction
  - 5.2 Passive properties
    - 5.2.1 Blood pigments
  - 5.3 Metabolism
    - 5.3.1 Muscles
  - 5.4 Fatty acids as indicators of diet
    - 5.4.1 Summary of Section 5
- 6 Conclusion
- Course questions
- Keep on learning
- References
- Acknowledgements

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