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# Contents

- Introduction
- Learning outcomes
- 1 Woodland
  - 1.1 Woodland structure
  - 1.2 Woodland species
  - 1.3 Woodland history
  - 1.4 Ancient woodland
  - 1.5 Woodland management
  - 1.6 Summary
- 2 Ancient trees
  - 2.1 Characteristics of ancient trees
  - 2.2 The importance of ancient trees for specialist insects and fungi
  - 2.3 Summary
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements

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