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# Contents

- Introduction
- Learning outcomes
- 1 Surviving the winter
  - 1.1 Living in a fluctuating environment
    - 1.1.1 A diversity of strategies
  - 1.2 Response to winter: understanding at different levels
    - 1.2.1 The molecular level
    - 1.2.2 The cellular level
    - 1.2.3 The physiological and behavioural levels
    - 1.2.4 The evolutionary level
    - 1.2.5 Summary of Sections 1.1 and 1.2
  - 1.3 Strategy 1: Remaining active through the winter ('tough it out')
    - 1.3.1 Evergreen plants
    - 1.3.2 Birds and mammals
    - 1.3.3 Summary of Section 1.3
  - 1.4 Strategy 2: dormancy in winter ('opt out')
    - 1.4.1 Deciduous trees
    - 1.4.2 Winter storage in plants
    - 1.4.3 Freeze tolerance in ectothermic vertebrates
    - 1.4.4 Hibernation in mammals
    - 1.4.5 Summary of Section 1.4
  - 1.5 Strategies 3 and 4: juvenile survival and migration
    - 1.5.1 Juvenile survival
    - 1.5.2 Strategy 4: migration ('go away')
    - 1.5.3 Summary of Section 1.5
  - 1.6 Conclusion
- 2 SAQs
- Conclusion
- Take the next step
- References
- Acknowledgements

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