1 Research areas and orders of magnitude

The scientific word for discrete, as opposed to continuous, values is ‘quantum’. This is often portrayed as the world of the very small, but what comes to mind when you think of this word? If you do a Google search, you will find over 600 million matches (Figure 1).

Figure 1 A Google search on the word ‘quantum’.

Show description|Hide description

This image is a screenshot of a Google search on the word ‘quantum’. There are about 630 million results!

Figure 1 A Google search on the word ‘quantum’.

It may surprise you that quantum experiments are being done on the ISS. However, it is ideally suited as a platform to look out to the rest of the Universe and look down at Earth.

You already know about some of the scientific research taking place on the ISS. But did you know that it offers the unique environment of being humanity’s only permanent microgravity laboratory? For example, colloids (tiny particles in liquids) can be studied on the ISS where their structures are controlled by ‘quantum forces’ in a microgravity environment. These effects were predicted over 30 years ago and were first observed in 2008.

You first need to appreciate the change in size scales and the best way to do this is by using a logarithmic scale. Remember in Week 2 you were introduced to a similar scale in the context of heart rates and life expectancy.

Powers of ten are used to quantify these sizes from the very large to the very small. These powers are interpreted on a logarithmic scale and they give a feeling for the ‘order of magnitude’.

If you need to refresh what these powers of ten mean, look again at Section 5 in Week 1 [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] .

Figure 2 illustrates the vast changes in scale from the sizes of clusters of galaxies (10²² m) through to humans and down to subatomic particles and beyond (10^–15 m). This is a huge range! In ‘real numbers’ it goes from ten thousand million million million metres down to 0.000 000 000 000 001 m.

Maximise

Figure 2 A logarithmic scale from clusters of galaxies to subatomic particles.

Show description|Hide description

This image is a picture demonstrating the scale from clusters of galaxies down to subatomic particles. This is a logarithmic scale, in powers of 10, corresponding to lengths in metres (m). The scale of galaxy clusters is shown as 10 to the power 22 m; a galaxy is shown as 10 to the power 15 m; a solar system as 10 to the power 12 m; the Earth as 10 to the power 4 m; a human implied as 10 to the power 1 m; a molecule as 10 to the power minus 5 m; a DNA helix as 10 to the power minus 6 m; an atom with three particles as 10 to the minus 9 m; a nucleus of an atom with electron clouds as 10 to the minus 12 m; a nucleus of an atom with protons and neutrons as 10 to the minus 14 m; and quark substructure as 10 to the minus 15 m.

Figure 2 A logarithmic scale from clusters of galaxies to subatomic particles.

Now use Figure 2 to help you complete Activity 1.

You will now look at quantum science in general.