The square wave challenge
The wave shown in Figure 26 approximates what is called a ‘square’ or ‘rectangular’ wave. The challenge is to design this wave using sine waves as components.

To make this wave using Interactive 3 (which you should still have open in a separate tab), start with two sine waves, the first having A = 0.7 and f = 400 Hz, and the second having A = 0.2 and f = 1200 Hz. This will give something similar to the wave shown in Figure 27, which is a good start.

To make the top and bottom smoother requires sine waves with other frequencies. To get another sine wave, click on the ‘add another sine wave’ button below the second sine wave. Set the frequency of this to f = 2000 Hz.
SAQ 10
Suggest an appropriate value of A for the wave with frequency f = 2000 Hz.
Answer
Setting A = 0.1 gives the wave shown in Figure 28. This is closer to what is desired.

To finish this challenge requires one more sine wave. Click again on the ‘add another sine wave’ button to get a fourth sine wave. Set its frequency to f = 2800 Hz.
SAQ 11
Suggest an appropriate value of A for the wave with frequency f = 2800 Hz.
Answer
Setting A = 0.05 gives the wave shown in Figure 29. This is even closer to the desired square wave.

You can now close the interactive.
In the square wave challenge, the shape of the wave was made closer to that required by adding higher frequencies with decreasing amplitudes. This is a general principle behind a very powerful theory for representing and processing signals.
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