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糖尿病就是血液里的葡萄糖浓度高于正常值。糖尿病的英文词Diabetes来源于希腊词汇，意思是从身体里除去液体。糖尿病就是用来描述当液体从身体里被除去的时候所引起的混乱，导致口渴和尿频。糖尿病有两种形式，一种是胰岛素缺乏型，这也是最普遍的一种类型，另一种是尿崩症。胰岛素缺乏型糖尿病是指人排出的是“甜尿”，这是由于体内血液中葡萄糖浓度过高所致，一定量的葡萄糖进入到尿液中，导致其很甜。葡萄糖是一种单糖，它是多糖的碳水化合物的组成部分。胰岛素缺乏型糖尿病存在数千年了，古罗马和古埃及人曾经有所描述。随着时间的推移，关于糖尿病有越来越多的发现和了解，同时治疗的方法也不断地提升。
尿崩症是一种比较罕见的情形，主要成因是大脑中缺少产生浓缩尿液的荷尔蒙。尿崩症也是同样被叫做糖尿病，因为这种病症同样产生大量的尿液，但是却与身体如何吸收转化葡萄糖没有任何关系。
本课程主要是了解胰岛素缺乏型糖尿病，在没有特指的情况下，所有的糖尿病均指胰岛素缺乏型糖尿病，以下均简称糖尿病。
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