Does Figure 1 enable you to identify any nutrient that might be inadequately represented in your diet?
How much fruit and vegetables should you eat?
Age | EAR/kcal per day | |
---|---|---|
Males | Females | |
0–3 months | 545 | 515 |
4–6 months | 690 | 645 |
7–9 months | 825 | 765 |
10–12 months | 920 | 865 |
1–3 years | 1230 | 1165 |
4–6 years | 1715 | 1545 |
7–10 years | 1970 | 1740 |
11–14 years | 2220 | 1845 |
15–18 years | 2755 | 2110 |
19–50 years | 2550 | 1940 |
51–59 years | 2550 | 1900 |
60–64 years | 2380 | 1900 |
65–74 years | 2330 | 1900 |
over 75 years | 2100 | 1810 |
pregnancy | + 200* | |
lactation | + 450–80 |
From Table 1, identify the age at which males require the most dietary energy. Suggest why this may be so.
Nutrient type | Available energy/ | |
---|---|---|
kcal g−1 | kJ g−1 | |
carbohydrate | 4 | 15–17 |
fat | 9 | 37 |
protein | 4 | 16 |
How much more energy in kJ per gram (kJ g−1) does fat yield than protein?
What evidence have you seen for this variation in BMR with age and sex?
Can you think what a diet containing insufficient energy-producing nutrients for an individual's TEE over a period of months may lead to?
What would over-consumption of energy-producing nutrients result in?
Form of activity | Energy expended/kcal h−1 |
---|---|
lying still, awake | 77 |
sitting at rest | 100 |
typing rapidly | 140 |
dressing or undressing | 150 |
walking on level at 4.8 km h−1 | 200 |
jogging at 9 km h−1 | 570 |
Body mass index | Classification |
---|---|
less than 18.5 | underweight |
18.5–25 | desirable or healthy range |
25–30 | overweight |
30–35 | obese (Class I) |
35–40 | obese (Class II) |
over 40 | morbidly or severely obese (Class III) |
What is the BMI of a woman of 1.7 m who weighs 65 kg?
Can you suggest any processes that would be impaired by starvation?
What do you suppose is meant by ‘high energy density’ ?
What happens if the amount of energy that can be made available exceeds current requirements?
From your general knowledge summarize some of these factors.
Is the relationship between decreased physical activity, increased car ownership and obesity a causal relationship?
Do you have any reservations about this statement?
It is known that many obese children have obese parents. What explanations might be given for this effect?
How would you distinguish between these two explanations?
What is Ron's estimated average requirement (EAR), expressed in kJ day−1?
What is the energy density of a diet?
How did the voluntary energy intake of the participants vary as a function of the fat content of the diets when energy density is constant?
Look at Figure 6(b). What was the consequence of this behaviour for the energy intake of the participants?
What is biological fitness?
From your general knowledge, suggest some examples of this type of variety.
Why should it be the lighter twin that is most at risk of obesity and diabetes?
If dopamine receptor availability is lowered, what might be the effect on the functioning of the mesolimbic dopamine projection?
The lower of the two sets of images in Figure 9a shows brain metabolic activity in obese and in control individuals. Why was it important to measure brain metabolic activity in this study?
Use Figure 9b to describe the relationship between dopamine receptor availability and the degree of obesity.
Is this observed weight increase necessarily a consequence of age? What other explanation can you suggest?
What suggestions can you make?
Why might this range of body weight be regarded as desirable for someone with a height of 1.77 m?
How would you characterise the major difference between the thrifty genotype and the thrifty phenotype hypotheses of obesity?
Why would an inability to synthesize triacylglycerols impair the ability to store fat in adipose tissue?
What are the likely consequences of low leptin levels in these individuals and how might they be treated?
What effect would you expect a cannabinoid antagonist to have on food intake?