# 3.2 Characteristics of discrete-time and continuous-time signals

A continuous-time signal is shown in Figure 15(a). The signal is continuous because it has a value at any instance of time – that is, for any value of , it is possible read a value of from the graph. Most signals in the real world are continuous in time. For example, if you were monitoring the temperature of a room, you would be able to take a measured value of temperature at any time.

Figure 15 (a) Continuous-time signal; (b) discrete-time signal

A discrete-time signal (sometimes referred to as a time-discrete signal or simply a discrete signal) is shown in Figure 15(b). In the rest of this course the standard convention of drawing the vertical lines in a discrete-time signal with a round dot on the end will be used; these lines-with-dots are often called ‘lollipops’. The signal in Figure 15(b) is discrete because it only has a value at fixed points placed at discrete time intervals seconds apart along the -axis. is called the sampling interval. Values of can be found for the integer values of , such as , , etc., but there is no value for the signal at, say, . Thus represents the number of the sample.

It is hard to think of examples of real-world discrete-time signals, since most real-world signals are continuous; however, if you took the temperature reading of a room every day at the same time, the result would be a discrete-time signal. Most discrete-time signals come from sampling continuous-time signals to get them into a digitised form that can be processed by digital computers.

## Activity 6

Allow about 5 minutes

State whether the following are discrete-time signals or continuous-time signals, giving a reason for each answer:

1. the wind speed across the blades of a wind turbine
2. the position of a robotic arm as it picks items from a conveyor belt
3. the total distance travelled by the robotic arm each hour over a 24-hour period.

### Answer

1. The wind speed is a continuous-time signal, because you can take a reading at any time.
2. The robotic arm always has a position – even if it is in a resting position, you know where it is – so this is a continuous-time signal.
3. The total distance travelled by the robotic arm is recorded just once in each hour, so this is a discrete-time signal. Over a 24-hour period there will be 24 discrete values recorded.

In the next section you will learn how a continuous signal is converted to a discrete signal.

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