# Transcript

INTERVIEWER
But in the cramped well below decks, lurked a disease that would take more than just fresh air to overcome. When Lord Anson returned from his round the world expedition of 1744, his men had been slaughtered. Over half the original crew of nearly 2000 men had died of the same illness, scurvy.
The sailors suffered terribly. Their teeth loosened and fell out. Their gums bled and haemorrhaged, which, [SNIFFS] oh, dear, gave a terribly bad smell. Sorry, old chap, but it’s true. And then, the skin was covered in bruises. Finally came heart failure and death.
Scurvy was killing more men than enemy action. A huge array of treatments were being used haphazardly to try and tackle the condition. James Lind, a Scottish Naval surgeon, proposed a new kind of trial to find out whether any of them actually worked.
So time to test these six proposed cures in these very sick looking sailors.
SIR IAN CHALMERS
Indeed, they all look very sick. This is some cider for you. We’re going to give you some seawater, sir. This is sulfuric acid. And this is a mixture of nutmeg and garlic and other things. Now we ought to give some vinegar. Now, we’ve got for you, sir, an orange and a lemon. And be careful that you eat all of these, it’s a very valuable part of the ship’s provisions.
If you’re going to have a fair test, clearly you have to make sure that the people that are given the different treatments are otherwise alike. They had to have scurvy of equal severity, the same basic diet. He nursed them all in the forehold. The only way in which the sailors receiving the treatments differed would be in respect to those treatments. Otherwise, they would be similar.
INTERVIEWER
That he’s methodical, scientific. He has these clinical tests, clinical trials.
SIR IAN CHALMERS
That was the really important breakthrough. And that way of thinking is exactly the way that we today distinguish useful treatments from useless or positively harmful ones.
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INTERVIEWER
The world’s first controlled clinical trial demonstrated that one of the treatments had won hands down. Within a week, the sailors who had eaten the oranges and the lemons were fit for duty and were nursing the others back to health. Science had categorically proved Lind’s case, but the admiralty was stuck in a different age. It ignored Lind’s findings for over 40 years, and thousands of sailors died needlessly.
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