Section | Study time |
---|---|
1. What is innovation? | 4 hours |
2. Talking about representations | 3 hours |
3. What are representations for? | 4 hours |
4. Persuading representations | 3 hour |
5. Supporting innovation | 1 hour |
Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas. (Innovation Unit, 2004) A specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or service. It is capable of being presented as a discipline, capable of being learned, capable of being practiced. (Drucker, 1985) A process of matching technical possibilities to market opportunities, through activities including experimental development and design, trial production and marketing. (Freeman and Soete, 1997) A process of turning opportunity into new ideas and of putting these into widely used practice. (Tidd and Bessant, 2009)
Product | Service | System |
---|---|---|
A pair of scissors | A haircut | A beauty salon |
A bicycle | Public bicycle hire scheme | A city-wide bicycle system |
A movie | On-demand internet streaming | A cinema |
the introduction of a new good or a new quality of a good. (Schumpeter, 1939)
the introduction of new or improved socio-technical systems that fulfil societal functions, e.g. for transport, communication, housing. (Adapted from Geels (2002) after Hughes (1983))
collectively held and communicable schemata that represent future objectives and express the means by which objectives will be realized (Eames et al., 2006)
I saw the man on the hill with the telescope. (Simon, 1996, p. 79)
Many of the features and quality of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; therefore, they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, non-verbal process. Ferguson (1992, p. xi)
aims to improve access, space and overall experience for all rail users and the local community. (Arup, 2012)