Part 2: Chapter 4 Applications of vectors
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# 4.4.4 Finding the angle between two vectors

The scalar product of two vectors has an important application in calculating the angle between two vectors. If we start with the definition of the scalar product in terms of the magnitudes and directions of the vectors, and rearrange it, then we get the following result.

## Angle between two vectors

The angle between any two non-zero vectors and is given by

We can use this result to find the angle between two vectors in component form.

## Example 4.8 Calculating the angle between two vectors in component form

Alice and Bob have attached ropes to a face of the block of ice and are pulling it in different directions, see Figure 4.34. Vector describes the force applied by Alice, and in component form is given by . Vector describes the force applied by Bob, and in component form is given by .

What is the angle between these vectors, to one decimal place?

Figure 4.34Alice and Bob pulling a block of ice

#### Solution

First let’s use the components of and to find , and . We have

Using these we can calculate :

So

Therefore the angle between the vectors is 64.4° (to 1 d.p.).

Note: A tutorial clip of this example is provided on the module website.

## Activity 4.22

Find, to the nearest degree, the angle between the vectors

In this chapter we developed techniques that make it easier to work with vectors. Instead of working with vectors geometrically, it is much more efficient to work with them in component form. When we represent vectors according to their components, engineering problems involving vectors can be solved by carrying out standard algebraic operations.

In the final chapter of Part 2, we will explore how we can use component vectors to solve problems involving forces acting on static objects.

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