Part 2: Chapter 4 Applications of vectors
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# 4.2.1 Horizontal and vertical components

Figure 4.13A vector and its components

Vectors are intuitively described using magnitude and direction, but they are more usefully described according to horizontal and vertical components, as illustrated in Figure 4.13.

In Chapter 1, we saw that a vector that can be described by a magnitude and a direction can also be described by component vectors with:

- the horizontal component pointing in the direction of the positive -axis
- the vertical component pointing in the direction of the positive -axis.

Together, a vector and its component vectors form a right-angled triangle, and the magnitudes of the three vectors define the lengths of the edges of the triangle. So, referring to Figure 4.13, we can use the sine and cosine functions to determine the magnitudes of the component vectors. The vector has magnitude and direction , and from these its components are calculated as follows.

The sine function is defined as

and by recognising that the vertical component is opposite the angle , we get

Similarly, the cosine function is defined as

and by recognising that the horizontal component is adjacent to the angle , we get

## Activity 4.7

The vector has a magnitude of 4 makes an angle of 30° with the positive -axis, as shown in the following diagram. Identify the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of .

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OpenLearn - Part 2: Chapter 4 Applications of vectors
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