When I became a manager I found it mysterious, that transition. I thought, "I need to know how to do this job." Management
education was in a very rudimentary state at that time. ICI would send you on a 3 day course on discounted cash flow modelling
and odd things like that but that was all. You learnt to be a manager by making mistakes, watching other people and following
them and so on.
Managing Projects
I thought that the problem of managing a project which by definition would normally be a purposeful action which will cut
across organisational boundaries was a very interesting problem both of a human and an intellectual kind. And what I sought
was the opportunity to reflect and garner the lessons from real world experiences. And a post graduate department of systems
engineering at Lancaster beckoned and seemed to offer an opportunity to do that.
NARRATOR
Checkland became aware of systems thinking and systems analysis through his project management work at ICI. When he made the
move to Lancaster University, he set up an action research project to work outside the university tackling business problems.
But one of these projects was bigger than he had anticipated.
How progress was made
PETER CHECKLAND
We made progress by making mistakes and finding that the systems engineering thinking that we were armed with intellectually
was not rich enough to cope with the problematical situations that we were trying to deal with. And an early dramatic example
for me was when we were invited by David Farrow who was a director of the British Aircraft Corporation which was the British
part of the Anglo-French Concorde project to go into that project and see what good advice we could offer from a systems engineering
viewpoint.
Everyone knew at the time that this project was years late and was costing millions more of taxpayers money than anticipated,
so it was a very problematical situation and thinking like systems engineers, we asked, systems engineering questions: What
is the System of Concern? The Concorde Project. What are its objectives?
Passenger jet scenario
To make the world's first supersonic passenger carrying jet aircraft within a certain time, at a certain cost, to meet a given
technical specification and under various constraints such as that it mustn't unacceptably pollute the environment and it
must get the airworthiness certificate, otherwise the public won't be allowed to fly in it. But of course we then quickly
discovered the significance of the fact that this was the "Anglo-French" Concorde project. You had to take it as a political
and a legal and an economic project as well as a technical engineering project. And that was the kind of experience that led
me to think there is something "not rich enough" in the thinking of systems engineering as we tried to apply that approach
to human management situations. And that initiated the rethink.
NARRATOR
His experience as a consultant on the Concord project made Checkland realise that the project was more than a technical enterprise.
With humans involved, any project takes on social and cultural dimensions.
He realised that he needed to rethink the way in which projects were managed. And his solution involved looking at the effect
of systemic thinking within managed projects, Systems Theory, Systems Practice, his groundbreaking book, published in 1981
elucidates the principles of SSM, soft systems methodology. It was a significant step away from conventional wisdom.
PETER CHECKLAND
I went back to the origins of the systems literature and the emergence of systems thinking fundamentally from biology and
from the organismic biologists who argued that the object of concern in biology was the living organism as a whole and that
the way to understand that was to look at the processes which characterise living organisms of any kind. And that was a set
of ideas which began to resonate with the kind of experiences that we were having.
The fundamental idea that got us going was the thought that, whether we were working in the giant corporation on the Concord
project or in a tiny small firm, whether we were in the public sector or the private sector, all of these human problem situations
do have one thing in common, that they contain human beings trying to work together and trying to operate purposefully, trying
to formulate intentions and then try to realise them.
And we thought, well, why don't we take the notion of a purposeful activity as a new systems concept? And when human beings
talk about purposeful activity, they give very rich interpretations of it. They never give a basic account of it. They interpret
it richly.
And we then realised the significance of the fact that one observer's terrorist is another observer's freedom fighter, though
they're both talking about the same purposeful action and that we would have to take this into account, that we would never
be making a purposeful activity model of a real world purposeful activity. We would have to make a whole set of models in
order to try them out against the purposeful action that was underway in the real world.
The example which I always refer to on that, because he brings it home easily-- it's a dramatic example-- came from a project
which we undertook one year for the home office, which was concerned with examining what kind of information systems you need
to manage a prison. And if you start to think, well, what is a prison? It's obvious that if you ask people, what is a prison?
Then the person who says it's a punishment system will be countered by someone who says no, it isn't. It's a rehabilitation
or a re-education system.
And another person thinking laterally may well say, no, no. It's a system to protect society, looking at it from the other
way around.
And the point is that there was no answer to the question, what is a prison? Any actual real world prison is a complex, changing
mix of all of these perceptions. And so we ended up with the structure of what is now known as soft systems methodology in
which we will entertain all of those different models and use them in a process in which we will rub the models up against
the perceived reality and, in that comparison, learn our way to what are the actions which this particular group of people
with their particular history in their particular situation could take to make things better in their eyes.
And that entailed another major piece of learning for me, which is to understand that in structuring a debate with those people
in the problem situation using those purposeful activity models, what we were looking for in that debate were the accommodations
between conflicting points of view which enable action to be taken.
So this takes the view that conflict deriving from different worldviews is endemic in human affairs, but that these systems
ideas based on the concept of a purposeful activity system as a device for structuring debate can lead you into a learning
process for finding the accommodations which enable action to be taken to improve things. And that is the fundamental nature
of the learning cycle which is SSM.
NARRATOR
It was the realisation that individuals see the same concept from multiple perspectives that led Checkland to understand the
complexity of perceived reality. But it also led him to understand that accommodating conflicting perspectives was a way to
work towards solving the problem through purposeful action. Yet, the acceptance of a soft systems approach to problem solving
does not necessarily mean that hard systems are no longer of value to the systemic thinker.
PETER CHECKLAND
Our experience in developing soft systems methodology is that the world is highly complex and mysterious and far more complex
than any of our ways of notating it. And the best stance is to say, well, the world is highly problematical. Goodness knows
what the world really consists of.
But we have said from our work the way of inquiring into it, the way of learning about it, the way of deciding how to take
action to improve it can itself be organised as a system. And what I'm talking about here is the fundamental distinction between
hard and soft systems thinking.
The hard systems thinker takes system as in everyday language to be a label word for complexity in the world. The soft systems
thinker is perfectly happy make a conscious use of the hard systems ideas. Within a given study, we will frequently say, we
will choose to take this bit of the world as if it were a system. But we know we are consciously making that choice for temporary
purposes in that particular situation.
The fundamental stance is that the world is mysterious and complex, but that the way of inquiring into it, engaging with it
can itself be organised as a learning system, so that the systemicity is in the process of inquiry not taken to exist in the
world. And the soft systems stance is the one which has shifted systemicity from the world to that process of inquiry into
the world. And that is a hard step for people to take, particularly because every day, in everyday language, we use the word
system as if it were a description of some part of complexity in the world.
Soft systems methodology is very, very broadly relevant, not I think simply because of megalomania on my part but because
of the ubiquity of human beings trying to act purposefully. So I would say that in principle, SSM, the soft systems thinking
approach is in principle relevant to any human situation in which people are trying to take purposeful action.
Now, that rules out interesting areas of human life which are not purposeful, for example falling in love. And in that sense,
if you see anyone acting purposely in the world you can do an analysis of what ideas must they be taken as given if they think
that is a sensible action.
And so the ideas lead to the action. But in the end, that action is the only source of the ideas. And so there is a continuous
cycle between the ideas and the action. And it is that cycle, which is the concern of our research. And it is that constant
interaction with the real world that is the driving force.
NARRATOR
The cyclic relationship between purposeful action and the understanding of the ideas that are acted on is fundamental to Checkland's
SSM. When asked to look back upon his experiences if its introduction, Checkland identifies four key ideas.
PETER CHECKLAND
The first one was to model purposeful activity, because that was a characteristic of all of the problem situations, would
be purposeful activity. The second was that we could only model purposeful activity in relation to declared perspectives or
worldviews. The third was that given that, inevitably, we ended up with these cyclic learning process using the models as
devices to structure debate, not as descriptions.
The fourth was then that our activity models, which are sets of activities linked together in an adaptive whole to be purposeful,
led us into work on information systems. And we've done a whole two decades of work in information systems, because we can
turn our activity models into information models.