Long description

A schematic illustration shows the communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. The illustration shows a layer of intestinal epithelial cells with microvilli surrounding the intestinal lumen. An EEC is embedded in the epithelium. The intestinal lumen contains numerous types of intestinal microbiota. The neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, and immune cells also pass from the intestinal lumen through the epithelial cells into the blood circulation to travel to the brain. The immune cells and metabolites also relay signals to the brain via the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve creates a synaptic contact with the EEC and relays stimulating signals to the brain. The brain then regulates mood, cognition, and emotion.