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# 6.1 Metacognition

Metacognition is the ‘confidence and the ability to think about our thinking while we think, changing it where it needs to be changed. It means conscious self-reflection and monitoring.’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 80). Metacognition is relevant in every aspect of our lives.

## Metacognition in practice

The following is a highly effective way of doing things more efficiently and achieving successful outcomes.

- When you complete a task and it doesn’t go as planned, think about the reasons why.
- Dismiss negative thinking. Collect feedback, reflect, and input any new data from this process into future actions.

But how do you manage this? First, identify the problem, then substitute the negative thoughts for positive action. Table 3 shows a few examples of this process.

## Table 3 Positive actions

Problem | Negative thought | Positive potential actions
--- | --- | ---
I got very low marks for my essay – tutor feedback: poor structure | ‘I’m terrible at essays’ | Look at some essay-planning tips regarding structure Plan essay in a ‘big picture’ way using mind maps or an essay planner Seek advice from tutor Look at good models
My mind goes blank in exams | ‘I’ve got a bad memory and I’m going to fail’ | Use positive self-talk Consider how you can revise more effectively next time Understand the material so you don’t learn by rote for exams Build up your mindfulness practice
I’m always late with work submissions and appointments | ‘I can’t do anything about it – there is something wrong with me’ | Get a large planner on your wall, and use post-it notes to move information around Input deadlines and appointments Sync with your online calendars and diaries Use reminders Tackle procrastination

## Activity 1 Using metacognition

Allow about 10 minutes

Think about some situations where you could use metacognition to improve an outcome. Note your thoughts down in the table.

## Table 4 Using metacognition

Problem | Response | Positive potential actions
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It’s important to be aware of your strengths, because focusing on areas in which you do well could effectively be the difference between grades, or other outcomes.

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