# 1.3.1 Biochemical

Our bodies need certain nutrients that we can’t produce ourselves, so we rely on our diet to get them.

## Fatty acids (EFA)

Research suggests that highly unsaturated fatty acids are essential substances for brain development and normal brain function. These fatty acids are linked to ADHD, dyspraxia, developmental dyslexia, and depression (Richardson and Ross, 2000). They help regulate brain and body functions like cell signalling, immune responses, and cardiovascular health. Two fatty acids, DHA (omega-3) and AA (omega-6), make up 20% of the brain’s dry mass. They are essential for maintaining the structure and fluidity of cell membranes.

Despite their importance, these fatty acids are often lacking in modern diets. Fish and seafood are the best sources of omega-3, but some people may need more due to inefficient conversion.

On one hand, studies show a positive correlation between omega-3 intake and improved concentration and reading performance. On the other hand, high omega-6 intake, common in the Western diet (e.g., sunflower oil, meat and poultry) is associated with poorer reading speed (Borasio et al., 2023).

## Activity 3 Researching fatty acids

Allow about 5 minutes

Do some quick online research to find out which foods are high in omega-3 and omega-6. Note down your results here.

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Past research focused on fatty acids, but now scientists are exploring other crucial nutrients. For instance, choline plays a vital role in brain development, growth, and function. Deficits in choline intake, particularly during key stages of neurodevelopment, have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders (Derbyshire and Maes, 2023).

## What the research says

The Dyslexia Research Trust has found that inefficiencies in fatty acid metabolism may contribute to a biological predisposition to dyslexia, ADHD and dyspraxia.

Fish oil supplements can support cognitive functions and help manage dyslexia.

Including choline-rich foods (e.g., eggs, liver, fish, and certain vegetables) in your diet is beneficial.

- So, you need to:
- Eat well
- Sleep
- Repeat

Studies also reveal that deficiencies in minerals and vitamins such as B5, B6, calcium, zinc and magnesium can affect children’s ability to read, spell and write (Ndeh, 2023).

OpenLearn - Understanding dyslexia
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