This free course sets the experience of Brexit in the context of the UK. It first analyses Brexit as a symptom of the political, economic and social geography of the UK, focusing on its uneven development in a country increasingly dominated by London and the South East of England. It then considers how the divisions within the UK (within England as well as between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) were reflected in the voting patterns of the 2016 referendum. Finally, the course reflects on the implications of these short-term and long-term trends for the UK’s future as a multinational state.
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- From Brexit to the break-up of Britain?
From Brexit to the break-up of Britain?

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Course content
- Current section: Introduction
This free course, From Brexit to the Break-up of Britain?, is focused on the 2016 referendum vote on membership of the European Union. It aims to do so in ways that go beyond the familiar debates over whether the outcome was right or wrong. Instead it focuses on what the vote has to tell us about the United Kingdom and its future.In the 23 June...
- Acknowledgements
- Current section:
- Current section: Introduction
A referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union (EU) was held on 23 June 2016 and 52% of those who voted recorded a vote to leave, while 48% voted for the UK to remain a member. The result came as a shock to governing elites both in the UK and in Europe and it led to the resignation of the previously unassailable Prime Minister, David...
- 1 Triggering the process of leaving the EU
- 2 The regional and national geographies of the referendum vote
- 3 Mapping the divisions
- 4 From patterns to complexity
- 5 Summary
- References
- Acknowledgements
- Current section:
- Current section: Introduction
The maps you looked at in Week 1 offered a snapshot of political divisions in the UK in June 2016. A related group of maps could be generated from any set of voting results – such as the general election which took place in June 2017, or any other general election. But the picture given by the 2016 vote is particularly stark, perhaps because it...
- 1 From patterns to processes
- 2 How uneven development works out in practice
- 3 Devolution as a response to uneven development
- 4 Summary
- References
- Acknowledgements
- Current section:
- Current section: Introduction
In many respects the UK still has a highly centralised social, economic and even political geography, with London (or the wider London city region) at its core, even if its political centrality is increasingly challenged by the existence of elected institutions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The referendum vote and the consequences of...
- 1 The (peculiar) case of London
- 2 Connection and disconnection
- 3 Disunited England, divided London?
- 4 Summary
- References
- Acknowledgements
- Current section:
- Current section: Introduction
It is possible to read the maps which you explored in Week 1 through the lens of the UK’s constitutional fix, and the uneasy ways in which England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are brought together in a single governmental territory. Indeed, discussion of the break-up of Britain is usually approached through a consideration of the challe...
- 1 Interrogating the British state
- 2 The significance of national identity
- 3 Identities in tension
- 4 Contrasts and differences
- 5 Summary
- 6 Drawing some conclusions
- 7 Quiz
- Tell us what you think
- References
- Acknowledgements
- Current section:
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Glenn Halog under CC-BY-NC 2.0 licence under Creative-Commons license BA (Honours) Combined Social Sciences
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