# 6.3.1 Mathau o genedlaetholdeb

Er i genedlaetholdeb ymddangos ar adeg benodol ac mewn lle penodol mewn ymateb i gyfres benodol o amgylchiadau hanesyddol, gwelwyd iddo fod yn sylfaen hynod o hyblyg ac effeithiol i weithredu gwleidyddol poblogaidd mewn llawer o gyd-destunau gwahanol. Mae syniadau Gellner yn egluro tarddiad cenedlaetholdeb yn well nag y maent yn egluro'r sbardun y tu ôl i'r mathau lu o genedlaetholdeb sydd wedi ymddangos ers hynny. Felly, caiff ei bortread ef o ddiwylliannau cenedlaethol fel dyfeisiau artiffisial ei wrthbrofi gan barhad hunaniaeth Gymreig unigryw, a ddaeth yn sail i fudiad gwleidyddol cenedlaetholgar, ganrifoedd ar ôl i Gymru gael ei hymgorffori mewn gwladwriaeth Brydeinig a oedd yn elyniaethus i ddiwylliant Cymreig.

Er bod y mathau amrywiol o fudiadau cenedlaetholgar sydd wedi ymddangos yn apelio i'r un ideoleg, mae gwahaniaethau mawr rhyngddynt, sy'n adlewyrchu'r cyd-destunau gwahanol y datblygodd y mudiadau hyn ynddynt.

## Gweithgaredd 18

Darllenwch y darn canlynol gan James Kellas am fathau gwahanol o genedlaetholdeb. Nodwch ble mae'n gosod cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig yn ei deipoleg. Wrth ichi ddarllen am nodweddion mudiadau cenedlaetholgar gwahanol, gwnewch restr ohonynt a'r ffyrdd y mae'r mudiadau hyn yn wahanol i'w gilydd.

#### Darn 6 Classical European nationalism

[T]he ideology of nationalism seems to have originated in Europe. ... But this nationalism, even within Europe, was divided into a ‘western’ and an ‘eastern’ form. The ‘western’ nationalism was ethnically ‘inclusive’ in that it was based on a ‘social nation’ which could encompass more than one ethnic group. It was essentially about the cultural homogeneity of the state, and the common citizenship of those sharing that culture. ‘Eastern’ European nationalism, on the other hand, was ethnically ‘exclusive’ and was focused on the nation as a community of common descent, language, and religion. ...

The forms taken by nationalist movements in Europe set the pattern for nationalisms throughout the world. The inclusive nationalisms were more liberal and democratic, and did not engage in genocide, transfers of population, etc. The exclusive nationalisms were intolerant and often led to authoritarianism. ...

### Unification movements

The unification of the German nation and of the Italian nation in the late nineteenth century was accomplished through war and conquest of existing states. ... This type of nationalism is also called

‘Risorgimento’ (rebirth) nationalism ... and it combined the aim of national unification with liberal ideals of democracy and freedom from oppression ...

### National secession movements

In most cases, nationalism led to the break-up of existing states, not their joining together in one large ‘nation-state’. So nationalist movements in Ireland, Greece, Poland, Serbia, and Norway, for example, achieved independence for their nations by breaking away from Britain, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire, and Sweden, respectively, Today, national secession movements are still active in Europe: in Scotland, Wales, the Basque country, Corsica ...

### Integral nationalism

Integral nationalism differs from ‘risorgimento’ nationalism in its belief that one’s nation is superior to all others, and may even be the result of biological natural selection. ...

Integral nationalism is an absolutist ideology (the absolute loyalty to the nation is demanded), and in politics is clearly linked to totalitarian, Fascist, and Nazi forms of government.

### Colonial nationalism

In the European colonial empires ..., a nationalism developed among the European settlers, which led to the independence of the colonies from the mother country. ...

### Anti-colonial nationalism

... The emergence of indigenous ‘national liberation’ and anti-colonial movements in the British Empire corresponded with the spread of nationalist ideology from Europe ...

Given the existing colonial state structure at independence, the nationalists of the new ‘nation-states’ had to preserve boundaries which reflected the boundaries of colonial power rather than cultural or national divisions. Thus ‘nation-building’, irredentisms [nationalisms that make claims on the territory of other states], and secessions were permanently on the agenda of nearly all these new states. Now nationalism did not usually mean anti-colonialism ... Instead it meant interethnic disputes, communalism, and sometimes genocide.

Kellas, 1991, tt. 73–7

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