taking water from a source such as groundwater or a river (1)

device attached to a pipe that can indicate a leak when the noise in the pipe changes (7)

searching for leaks and repairing them (7)

supplied with air (5)

containing oxygen (4)

rapid increase in the population of microscopic algae in water (4)

without oxygen (4)

farming of aquatic (water-living) organisms (1)

layers of underground rock that hold water (3)

systematic process of deploying, operating, maintaining and upgrading assets to ensure continuous water supply at minimal cost (9)

list of all the fixed assets of an organisation  with information pertaining to the assets (6)

components of a water supply system, such as the treatment plants, process units and all the equipment and facilities (6)

documentation of the sequence of activities that led to a given decision (8)

the drawing of external water into a water main as a result of a reduction in pressure in the water main (7)

single-celled organisms ranging in size from 0.5 to 5.0 µm (2)

the breaking down of complex substances into simpler substances by micro-organisms (11)

a water purifying powder mixture comprising a coagulant/flocculant and a disinfectant, available in Ethiopia (10)

a given amount of water for which there is a certain water tariff (13)

the total area of surrounding land that slopes towards and drains into a river (4)

filtration of water using a ceramic pot (10)

a means of removing solids from water using fine cotton cloth (10)

chemical used in water treatment to neutralise the charge on fine particles (5)

neutralisation of the electrical charge of particles by using a coagulant (5)

(in water treatment) steel bars that have a spacing of 5–15 cm (5)

analysis of water to check that it is within required standards (8)

amount of a substance in a given volume of water or air (2)

length of time for which the water undergoing treatment is exposed to a disinfectant (5)

process whereby a metal gets weaker due to a reaction with its environment (7)

degree of importance (6)

removal of excess fluoride from water (5)

pollution from non-point sources (4)

process by which something moves naturally from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration (11)

unexpected rise in the number of cases of a disease (14)

elimination of micro-organisms that can cause disease (5)

pipes that take water from a service reservoir to other areas for use (1)

steps in improvement of quality of water supply (3)

set of limits for the amounts of specified substances in drinking water (9)

form of irrigation where water is put at the base of a plant, using narrow pipes (1)

lack of rain that lasts for a long period of time (14)

sudden, unexpected, hazardous events that call for immediate action (14)

concerned with the intestine (part of the body where food is digested) (2)

process by which nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates from agricultural or other activities, build up in a water body causing excessive plant growth and eventual decay, resulting in depletion of oxygen in the water (4)

in a waste stabilisation pond system for wastewater treatment, ponds that have oxygen at the top near the surface and are without oxygen at the bottom of the pond (11)

coliform bacteria that originate from faeces (2)

separation of solids from a liquid using a filter (5)

(in water treatment) steel bars with a spacing of 5–20 mm (5)

short-duration flooding that occurs due to sudden heavy rainfall that is unable to drain away into the ground (14)

chemical that assists the process of flocculation (5)

process whereby the size of particles increases as a result of particles combining together (5)

abnormal rise in water level that can cause damage (14)

addition of fluoride to water (5)

abnormal human condition that results from an excess of fluoride in the body (2)

where both initial capital costs and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are all recouped (13)

energy derived from the heat of the Earth (1)

device used to detect water leaks from pipes by identifying where the ground has cavities, or has been disturbed (7)

water that is held in underground rocks (1)

anything that can cause harm or damage (8)

an event that can introduce a hazard to a water supply (8)

worms that live as parasites in humans and other animals (2)

device for purifying water using gravel, coarse sand and fine sand (10)

power produced by harnessing the energy of moving water (1)

material that does not let any liquid pass through it (11)

water sources that are protected from contamination (1)

an emergency situation such as a burst pipe (8)

biological species that gives information about the environment (2)

micro-organisms and viruses that can invade the human body and cause disease (2)

material that does not originate from living organisms (4)

people who have been forced to flee to another part of their own country due to factors beyond their control (14)

amount of work that each employee does (15)

polluting liquid that is produced when water passes through materials and takes with it components from them; usually used to describe the polluted water that seeps out from solid waste disposal sites (4)

escape of water from pipes or other parts of the water distribution system (7)

(of an asset) the sum of one-time, non-recurring costs and recurring costs over the life of the asset (6)

planned technical activities, or activities carried out in response to a breakdown, to ensure that assets are functioning effectively (6)

in a waste stabilisation pond system for wastewater treatment,.ponds in which the pathogenic bacteria and viruses in an effluent are eliminated (11)

where machines are used to carry out a function (5)

small businesses with fewer than ten people working in them (15)

method for separating particles from water that are 0.05 to 0.5 µm in size (14)

small amount of money lent at a low interest rate to a person on a low income (13)

tiny living organisms only visible using a microscope (1)

(in water treatment) rotating drum with a stainless steel fabric with mesh size ranging from 15 µm to 64 µm (5)

fruit of the Moringa tree, which grows in tropical countries and can be used as a coagulant for water treatment (10)

device that is used at two points on the land surface to pinpoint leaks through the sound that is generated by water escaping (7)

plastic that does not break down over time (12)

source of pollution that encompasses a wide area, the exact point of origin being difficult to ascertain (4)

water that is supplied by a water utility but from which no income is received (7)

routine activities and procedures that are implemented to ensure that the water supply system is working efficiently (6)

(of a water supply system) all the activities needed to run the system continuously to provide the necessary service (6)

material that comes from living organisms (4)

water that is pleasant to drink (2)

any measurable factor (9)

disease-causing (1)

passed through a porous material or through small holes (3)

rocks that allow water and other liquids to pass through them (3)

process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy using carbon dioxide from the air and producing oxygen (4)

microscopic plants that live in water (12)

an identifiable source of pollution (4)

substances that can cause harm to human health, plants, animals and the environment in general (4)

introduction into the environment of substances likely to cause harm to humans, animals, plants and the environment in general (4)

see safe drinking water (2)

chlorination before the main treatment stages of the water purification process (5)

any form of water that falls on the Earth’s surface (rain, snow, hail) (3)

taking action to prevent leaks in water pipes from occurring (7)

water sources that have structures to prevent the entry of contaminants (3)

single-celled micro-organisms much larger than bacteria (2)

collaboration between a public body and a private company (15)

process of collecting and storing rainwater (3)

water that has not yet been treated (1)

sample that has all the characteristics of the matter that it was taken from (12)

(in water treatment) the amount of chlorine left in water after all the pollutants have reacted with it (5)

ability to withstand shock, stress or a natural hazard (5)

(in wastewater treatment) the time that effluent spends in a given environment, e.g. in a sedimentation tank or a stabilisation pond (11)

the chance of a hazard occurring (8)

process by which the likelihood of harm from a potential hazard is assessed (8)

rainwater that ‘runs off’ the land i.e. flows over the land surface (3)

water that does not have any components that can harm people (2)

method of storing water using sand held behind a small dam (3)

process for identifying pollution sources and health hazards around a water source (12)

prevention of human contact with waste, particularly human waste (2)

settling of solids in a water body (5)

solids that have settled at the bottom of a river or other water body (4)

underground tank into which sewage is piped (4)

stores of water that balance the fluctuating water demands of users against the steady output of a water treatment plant (1)

mixed wastewater that contains human waste from flush toilets (4)

network of sewers i.e. underground pipes for carrying sewage (4)

meter that electronically registers the volume of water used and may send water consumption data electronically to the water utility (13)

water tariff for those who are poor, which aims to recover only operation and maintenance costs (13)

washing away of soil by rainwater run-off (4)

disinfection of water using the ultraviolet radiation and heat of the sun (10)

form of irrigation where water is sprayed over plants (1)

place where water flows out of the ground (1)

individuals, organisations or groups who have an interest in something;

(of a water supply system) representatives of people who would be affected by the water utility’s actions (6)

keeping everything the same (6)

set of established procedures to be followed in carrying out routine operations (6)

training programmes that contribute to the delivery of safe water (8)

water from rivers, lakes, pools and ponds (1)

particles of solid material carried in flowing water (4)

able to be maintained at its best for many years (5)

relationship where two parties live together for mutual benefit (11)

method for treating water by sedimentation and decanting, using three pots (10)

total number of coliform bacteria (which come from faecal matter and other sources) (2)

pipes that take treated water from a treatment plant to service reservoirs (1)

cloudiness caused by a large number of tiny particles in a liquid (2)

water sources that do not have protective structures to stop them being contaminated (3)

very small infectious particles that are not capacble of independent existence and therefore not classed as organisms (2)

groups of people who are more likely to be harmed by lack of access to safe water through not being able to buy the water they need (13)

system of ponds to treat wastewater using sunlight and wind (11)

diseases caused by parasites that spend part of their lifecycle in water (2)

diseases caused through the ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal faeces containing pathogens (2)

event that disrupts the normal supply of water (14)

diseases transmitted by insects that breed or feed in or near water (2)

plan that proactively seeks to identify and control risks to safe and continuous water supply (8)

top level of groundwater below the land surface (3)

price that is set for water (13)

elevated structure that has a water tank to supply drinking water by gravity (1)

process by which harmful substances are removed from water so that it is safe for human consumption (5)

organisation that is responsible for producing and distributing drinking water (5)

diseases that occur due to inadequate quantity of water being available for good personal hygiene (2)

chlorine-based disinfectant for water treatment available in Ethiopia (10)