Key Focus Question: How can you use different ways of organising pupils to develop their understanding of citizenship?
Keywords: classroom organisation; large classes; assessing learning; thinking skills; citizenship; rights; responsibilities
By the end of this section, you will have:
Large classes present special problems for teachers – particularly if they are multigrade classes (see Key Resource: Working with large classes and Key Resource: Working with multigrade classes). In this section, we make suggestions about using different types of classroom management for developing pupils’ understanding of citizenship.
Just telling pupils about their roles and responsibilities as citizens has much less impact than involving them in active experiences. This section helps you think about different ways to find out what they know and use this to extend their understanding.
All citizens, including children, have rights and duties (responsibilities), but these vary from person to person. In order for pupils to understand this, they need to explore what rights and responsibilities mean for them, share their findings with other pupils and consider the differences. To do this, they need to talk either as a whole class or in pairs or groups.
Citizenship is a difficult idea for young pupils and they may not understand it at first. It is a good idea, therefore, to relate it to something they know – such as the kinds of tasks that are carried out at home. With older pupils, you will be able to explore the topic more deeply and extend their understanding by thinking about their roles and responsibilities within the wider community.
Mrs Nqwinda is a teacher in MalbenaPrimary School in Mndantsane in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. She has a Grade 4 class of 62 pupils who sit in groups of five around each desk. It is not easy to move the children or the desks, so she used desk groups to discuss the duties pupils have to carry out at home. She chooses the group work method because she wants to make sure that all the pupils have a chance to share their ideas.
As they discuss their duties for ten minutes, she moves around the classroom making sure that no one is dominating the discussion and reminding each group to think about the three duties they are to feed back on.
The pupils find this an easy task. As the groups feed back their answers, Mrs Nqwinda writes each new duty on the chalkboard. She is interested to find that most of the girls help their mothers with tasks around the house, like cleaning and cooking and looking after smaller children. Most of the boys help their fathers and uncles with fetching wood and water, and some of them work in the fields and gardens. They have an interesting talk about gender roles in the household.
Mrs Nqwinda then asks if they could say what things they were free to do in their family. The pupils find this task more difficult, so she encourages them to discuss in their groups before giving feedback. Mrs Nqwinda writes their answers on the chalkboard and explains that these things they are free to do are their ‘rights’. She checks they understand the difference between duties and rights.
See Resource 1: Rights and duties of children for the list of her pupils’ rights and duties in the home.
Did you find working in pairs easy to manage? If so, why? If not, why?
How would you change this activity to improve it next time?
Did the pupils’ knowledge and ideas surprise you?
We all live in a group or family, and our family is part of a group, such as a village or a community. Within our community we have rights and duties. This means we must do certain things in the community and the community must do, or provide, certain things for us. Resource 2: Rights of the child will help you prepare for this topic.
Pupils need to be able to meet expert people who are willing to talk with them about their ideas on this topic. This will help pupils to understand their responsibilities in the community and motivate them to learn. Before a visitor comes to your classroom, you may need to think about moving the furniture to make the atmosphere more welcoming. This will make the visitor feel comfortable and help the pupils’ learning because they can see and hear better. See Key Resource: Using the local community/environment as a resource for further information.
Mr Mabikke wanted his 48 Primary 4 pupils to discuss their community responsibilities. He decided that the layout of the classroom was not helpful for group discussion work so he made a plan for a new organisation of the desks. He discussed it with his head teacher, who approved the change. With a fellow teacher to help him, he reorganised the classroom into eight groups, each with three desks arranged to seat six pupils. The next day, the children were excited that the classroom was different. Mr Mabikke explained that the arrangement would mean they could do more group discussion.
He asked the pupils to discuss, in their groups, what the community provides for them – the rights of the people living in the community. But first he talked with them about taking turns to speak in their groups and listening to each other with respect. Each group was to make a poster showing the different things the community provides as their rights as members of the community.
His pupils knew that they also had duties along with rights so, in their groups, they discussed what their duties in the community were and then they marked these on their poster in a different colour and provided a key.
All the posters were displayed on the wall so the groups could see everyone’s ideas before they had a final discussion about which were most important rights and duties.
To qualify as a citizen of any country you have to meet certain criteria. These are usually laid down in the Constitution. Try to get a copy of the Constitution of your country and see what it says. Resource 3: Excerpt from the Constitution lists criteria for qualification as a citizen.
One way to explore your pupils’ ideas on citizenship is given in Case Study 3.
School assemblies can bring a topic to a close in a way that will motivate your pupils. How to prepare for a school assembly is explored in the Key Activity.
Mrs Makoha, from a small rural school in Uganda, invited the Regional District Commissioner (RDC) to visit her Primary 5 class of 56 pupils. The RDC brought with him a photograph of the president, the national flag, coat of arms/national emblem, his identity card and passport. He explained to the children about the importance of these things in being a Ugandan. He explained what the different parts of the flag symbolise. They also sang the national anthem and made a list of all the events where they sing the national anthem.
After the visit, Mrs Makoha organised the class in small groups around their desks and asked them to discuss why it is important for them to be a citizen of Uganda. She moved around the class and guided the groups to stay focused on the task and to listen to each other’s ideas.
Next, she asked them to work individually and write their own reasons in their books. She collected in their work and was able to assess how much each pupil had learned about citizenship. There were five pupils whose reasons were less well developed and Mrs Makoha discussed the reasons with these pupils during break to assess whether they understood the ideas.
Ask your head teacher if you can hold a school assembly on ‘Being a good citizen’.
Discuss what the content of the assembly might be with your class.
Each group prepares their part and the resources needed. You might want to suggest to your pupils that the following need to be included:
Give groups different tasks and allow them time to prepare their contributions – maybe over several lessons.
Make the task clear, so that each pupil produces a piece of work that you can use to assess their learning.
Encourage them to write poems or texts for reading, paint flags or find a text they want to read or use.
Agree the order for the presentations and rehearse.
Present your assembly to the school.
Afterwards, discuss with the pupils what worked well and what could have been improved. How well did they think the rest of the school understood about citizenship?
Example of pupils' work
Our duties are: | Our rights are: |
Cleaning the house | Somewhere to live – shelter |
Fetching wood/water | Food to eat |
Looking after younger children | Protection from harm |
Cooking | Care from adults |
Working on the land | Medical care when sick |
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
In line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child passed in 1990, the Ugandan Government passed a law in 1995 known as the Children’s Statute. The Rights of the Child are as follows:
A child in Uganda:
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
9. Every person who, on the commencement of this Constitution is a citizen of Uganda shall continue to be such a citizen.
10. The following persons shall be citizens of Uganda by birth:
(a) every person born in Uganda one of whose parents or grandparents is or was a member of any of the indigenous communities existing and residing within the borders of Uganda as at the first day of February 1926 and set out in the Third Schedule to this Constitution; and
(b) every person born in or outside Uganda one of whose parents or grandparents was at the time of birth of that person a citizen of Uganda by birth.
11. (1) A child of not more than five years of age found in Uganda, whose parents are not known, shall be presumed to be a citizen of Uganda by birth.
(2) A child under the age of 18 years neither of whose parents is a citizen of Uganda, who is adopted by a citizen of Uganda shall, on application, be registered as a citizen of Uganda.
12. (1) Every person born in Uganda:
(a) at the time of whose birth:
(i) neither of his or her parents and none of his or her grandparents had diplomatic status in Uganda; and
(ii) neither of his or her parents and none of his or her grandparents was a refugee in Uganda; and
(b) who has lived continuously in Uganda since the ninth day of October 1962 shall, on application, be entitled to be registered as a citizen of Uganda.
(2) The following persons shall, upon application be registered as citizens of Uganda:
(a) every person married to a Uganda citizen upon proof of a legal and subsisting marriage of three years or such other period prescribed by Parliament;
(b) every person who has legally and voluntarily migrated to and has been living in Uganda for at least ten years or such other period prescribed by Parliament;
(c) every person who, on the commencement of this Constitution, has lived in Uganda for at least 20 years.
(3) Paragraph (a) of clause (2) of this article applies also to a person who was married to a citizen of Uganda who, but for his or her death, would have continued to be a citizen of Uganda under this Constitution.
(4) Where a person has been registered as a citizen of Uganda under paragraph (a) of clause (2) of this article and the marriage by virtue of which that person was registered is:
(a) annulled or otherwise declared void by a court or tribunal of competent jurisdiction; or
(b) dissolved,
that person shall, unless he or she renounces that citizenship, continue to be a citizen of Uganda.
13. Parliament shall by law provide for the acquisition and loss of citizenship by naturalisation.
Key Focus Question: How can you use interactive strategies to discuss gender issues?
Keywords: gender; role play; stereotyping; single-sex groups; questionnaire; local experts
By the end of this section, you will have:
There are certain behaviours in society that are often seen to be appropriate for either boys or girls, not for everyone. Some of these behaviours may negatively affect girls’ and boys’ self-esteem and aspirations, and not serve them well when it comes to learning in the classroom. Researchers note that girls are often shy of speaking up in class and sometimes fail to give answers even when they know them.
The activities in this section will help you to explore gender stereotyping with your class and to see gender roles, both male and female, in more positive ways.
Resource 1: Gender issues provides background to some of the issues about gender.
Gender stereotyping, although a wider social issue, starts in the home. Without realising it, many adults treat the boys and the girls in their family in different ways – it has always been like that and they see no reason to change.
Such consistent behaviour then causes girls, in particular, to believe that this ‘is just the way things are’ and there is nothing they can do about it. Boys also accept the situation because it tends to benefit them.
You can explore these differences with your pupils by working in single-sex groups to help your pupils talk about their own behaviour and beliefs.
In an earlier case study (Module 2, Section 2, Case Study 2), one teacher asked her pupils to bring family rules to class. At the time, the class saw that there were different rules for boys and girls. She decided to plan some lessons on gender, later in the term. Case Study 1 shows what happened in one of these lessons.
The teacher found the list of family rules from a previous lesson. She thought about how to explore the issues around the different treatment of boys and girls in the family and decided that drama would be a good method. See Key Resource: Using role play/dialogue/drama in the classroom for ideas.
She organised the class into ‘family’ groups of different sizes, with pupils playing different family members. One group was only four people, one group was 11. She asked the groups to make up a play about a family to show how boys and girls are treated. She gave them the whole lesson to do this and went around each group to help and support them. She asked questions like ‘So what would happen next?’ ‘How could you…?’
She asked them to bring in some items to help identify different people in the family and to rehearse their plays during break times.
Over the next few lessons, each group in turn performed their play and afterwards the whole class discussed what they had seen. After watching all the plays and discussing them, they realised that girls had less freedom to choose than boys. They had a vote to decide whether this was fair, and the class agreed that boys and girls should be given equal opportunities and not be denied access to activities and work because of their gender.
To help your pupils explore and explain their feelings concerning gender roles, this activity uses single-sex groups.
Hand out the questionnaire in Resource 2: Gender – what do you think? to each pupil and explain the rules to the whole class.
Give them ten minutes to complete the questionnaire.
Each pupil shows their answers to their neighbour and they discuss.
Organise the class into single-sex groups of between five and seven pupils.
Each group prepares a list of all the different activities they do:
Groups present their list of activities – which you write on the board – making a list for girls and one for boys.
Discuss the lists with the class. Ask about fairness. Ask why they think the activities are different.
Ask the pupils to write an essay called ‘How and why are girls and boys different from each other?’ Ask them to include their own views. Younger children can draw pictures of activities they do and compare them with each other.
Role playing can be a very powerful teaching and learning method – especially when dealing with sensitive topics in life skills or citizenship lessons. It is particularly useful when exploring issues of gender with your pupils. It can help pupils to speak more freely because they are talking about the behaviour of other people rather than their own behaviour. (See Key Resource: Using role play/dialogue/drama in the classroom.)
It is important to explore where gender stereotypes come from. Pupils need to recognise when stereotypical behaviour is reinforced. Much of this happens in the family, but you may want to look at your own behaviour. Do you reinforce gender stereotypes in your classroom? Were gender stereotypes reinforced in your own family? Case Study 2 shows how one teacher used his own experience to explore gender with his class.
Mr Daasa wanted to work with his class on gender issues. He spent some time thinking about what to do. He remembered that when he was a child, his father used to tell him to ‘act like a man’. He also remembered that his two sisters were often told off for not ‘being ladylike’. He decided to use these examples to introduce his lesson.
He prepared two sheets with the following titles: ‘Act like a man’ and ‘Be ladylike’. He asked the boys to say what it means to act like a man. When the boys ran out of ideas, he asked the girls. He did the same for the girls, asking what words or expectations they had of someone who is ladylike. He wrote all their ideas on the sheets.
He drew boxes around certain words on the lists and explained that behaving in this way can stop pupils wanting to succeed. They talked about how it is alright for boys to like machines and sport and for girls to like cooking and looking after children, but the problem comes when we feel we must fulfil these roles ‘to fit in’. Some girls may wish to work with machines etc. and some boys may want to look after children or be cooks, but they don’t say so because they might be laughed at.
In small groups, the pupils discussed when they had felt under pressure to act in certain ways and did not want to. They discussed what they could do to be accepted as they were and perhaps do things differently to their parents or carers.
In this activity, we want you to prepare some role plays where the ‘normal’ roles are reversed (see Resource 3: Reverse role play for an example). This may help you to think about different situations where you can swap the traditional roles played by men and women. Read Key Resource: Using role play/dialogue/drama in the classroom.
Explain to your class about the activities and their purpose and about not laughing at people, but to think about the issues raised as they watch.
After each role play, ask pupils to discuss, in mixed-gender groups, the following questions:
If you have younger pupils, you will need to make your role plays quite simple. Also, you may feel you need to guide their discussion afterwards, rather than asking them to discuss the questions in groups.
There are many forms of abusive behaviour and it is girls and women who are more often the victims. This does not mean that boys cannot also be abused; just that girls and women have tended to have had a more passive role in society, while males have been more dominant.
If you are going to explore this area with your class, you will need to prepare very carefully and be able to support your pupils as some ideas may be very uncomfortable and challenging for them. You may also find that you uncover some incidences of abuse, and you must be prepared to support your pupils, sensitively and discreetly. Resource 4: Gender violence is an extract from a research paper discussing some of these issues in Ghana, which you could read to give you background knowledge.
You may not feel equipped to deal with this sensitive subject alone – so you could follow the lead of Mrs Yarboi in Case Study 3, who asked someone from a local NGO to come and assist with her class discussion on abuse.
Mrs Yarboi’s Primary 5 class had been working for some weeks on gender stereotypes and how they can negatively affect girls’ progress in the classroom and in life. It had been a difficult time for Mrs Yarboi because the boys felt that they liked the status quo and did not see that it needed to be changed.
She decided to get in some expert help and contacted a local NGO who were working in rural development projects in their town. She had met a lady called Amina who was their gender specialist.
Amina came to the school and talked to the class about abuse. They identified that abuse can be mental as well as physical and sexual. Amina told the class of some stories of young people who had been abused by their parents, by other family members and even by people from their religious group. She also talked of ways in which these pupils had been helped and what organisations there are to help people. It made some of the pupils very upset that people can behave that way.
During the talk, Mrs Yarboi noticed that two girls started crying. After the visit from Amina, Mrs Yarboi asked the two girls if they would like to go and talk to Amina and she made appointments for them.
In the next lesson, Mrs Yarboi asked her pupils to write about abuse and explain their feelings about it. From this, she was able to see how much each pupil had understood and was able to see how they had reacted to the stories Amina told.
Having explored some issues about gender with your class, suggest to them that they share what they have found out with the rest of the school.
Ask them how they could do this. Could they:
You could do more than one if you have a large class. Pupils could choose which group they join.
Once they have decided what they want to do, ask them to plan what to say and the best way to say it. Remind them to be sensitive to their audience and careful how they present their ideas.
Give them time to draft or practise what they are doing. When ready, allow them to present their play, book, poem or assembly to the class for constructive feedback, so that they can make any changes before they do the real performance or presentation to the school.
After the event, allow your pupils the opportunity to assess the impact of their actions.
Think how you can support your pupils and build on this task.
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
Pupil use
Read each statement and draw a ring around the score to show how much you agree or disagree with the statement.
a | Boys are stronger than girls | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
b | Cooking is a girl’s job | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
c | Girls don’t have time to study because of their chores | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
d | Girls wake up before boys | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
e | At school, girls do more work than boys | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
f | Boys are more intelligent than girls | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
g | Education is more important for boys as they must support a family when they are older | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils
Mr Seidu is busy cleaning the house. He is carrying the baby on his back because she will not stop crying. Annie, the five-year-old, is pulling at his legs because she wants something. Mr Seidu is obviously tired, but dinner is cooking on the small fire. He shouts at some older children outside to go and fetch more wood for the fire. He talks about his problems as he works. He is worried that there may not be enough food when his wife comes home from work at the council.
Mrs Seidu arrives home. She is a little drunk and she is angry that the dinner is not ready and the house is not clean. She shouts at Mr Seidu and they have an argument, then Mrs Seidu hits Mr Seidu and storms out of the house saying she is going to get her dinner somewhere else.
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
Studies from around the world show that gender violence is a major feature of school life for many adolescent pupils, especially girls. For girls in Sub-Saharan Africa, particular aspects of this violence include sexual abuse and harassment by older male pupils and male teachers, and, in the vicinity of the school, by ‘sugar daddies’ who seek sex in exchange for money or gifts. Boys as well as girls are exposed to regular verbal abuse and insults from both teachers and other pupils, and excessive corporal punishment from both male and female teachers. Boys too may be victims of sexual abuse.
Violent schools are breeding grounds for potentially damaging gendered practices, which remain with the pupils into adult life. Some may themselves become abusers. When school authorities fail to clamp down on gender violence, they send the message to pupils that it is a ‘normal’ feature of life. Failure by those in authority to investigate allegations and report offenders, lack of prosecution of teachers and others guilty of sexual misconduct, and lack of information for parents and pupils about their rights and available channels for complaints, allow such behaviour to continue unchecked.
Gender violence is a sensitive area to research because it involves sexual abuse, which is a taboo topic, one that we would prefer to ignore. Abuse of schoolchildren remains largely hidden because victims are reluctant to talk about their experiences to teachers and parents, and those in authority may find easy excuses for a lack of action. In Ghana, as elsewhere, people prefer to talk about abuse as being something experienced by others.
Girls are particularly at risk of violence and abuse because:
Gender violence includes:
The government of Ghana has made a concerted effort to increase enrolments at primary and JSS levels, especially among girls. The establishment of a Girls’ Education Unit in the Ghana Education Service and the appointment of Girls’ Education Officers at the regional and district levels to oversee improvements in girls’ participation are significant developments. Despite these efforts, girls continue to be enrolled in fewer numbers than boys, and to have higher dropout rates and lower achievement. It may be that abusive and intimidating behaviour in schools undermines efforts to improve girls’ participation.
There is an urgent need for a more coordinated, proactive and system-wide response to combat the problem of school-based abuse. The study revealed weaknesses in terms of linkages between the district education office and the national level response to violence and abuse in the school environment. A holistic approach is required, working with all categories of stakeholders, e.g. teachers, parents, pupils, government officials in education, health and social welfare, the police, child protection agencies and NGOs working with woman and children. The example of one head teacher’s misconduct is informative, as it shows how difficult it still is for communities to gain redress, despite efforts to delegate powers of educational decision-making to regional and local bodies and to give political voice to the people through district assemblies and bodies such as school management committees.
Schools should:
Head teachers and teachers
School head teachers are crucial in ensuring that pupils learn in a supportive environment. Less authoritarian schools are not necessarily ones with poor discipline. Strong leadership is key.
Studies show that schools with high attendance and achievement are those where expectations of both teacher and pupil behaviour are high, where the school culture is supportive of both (and includes teacher professional development) and where regulations are enforced fairly and firmly.
School head teachers can work with teachers to:
Parents
Parents and carers should be encouraged to:
Adapted from: Gender Violence in Schools: Ghana 3 Newsletter March 2004
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources:
Text
Resource 4: Gender violence: Adapted from: Gender Violence in Schools: Ghana 3 Newsletter March 2004
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Key Focus Question: How can different ways of grouping pupils develop understanding of work and employment?
Keywords: group work; collaboration; debate; local contexts; work; employment
By the end of this section, you will have:
The way you group pupils for discussion can make a big difference to their learning experience. Sometimes you will want to group them according to ability; sometimes you will want to mix quicker and slower pupils. If you have a large and/or multigrade class, you may need to group them according to age or grade. In this section, you will use different forms of grouping for both individual and collaborative working to help pupils discuss and reflect on their understanding of work and employment.
You can also use local contexts and resources to motivate pupils so that they use their own initiative to make useful and saleable items from local materials.
Young people and adults do different activities as work and employment. In this section, we suggest you use a ‘think-pair-share’ approach to help your pupils explore the meaning of work and employment and its importance.
Exploring where the money comes from to provide things at home is a good starting place for this topic.
In Activity 1 you ask your pupils to think about the different kinds of work in your community and discuss the difference between work and employment. Case Study 1 shows some pupils’ ideas about different types of employment.
Mr Petrus’ Grade 5 class in South Africa had been working on different forms of employment in the country. He now wanted them to focus on the local community.
Mr Petrus split the class into two. He asked one half to identify all the local employers and prepare an argument saying why it is better to be employed. He asked the other half of the class to identify different informal ways to make money and prepare an argument saying why it is better to earn money this way. After 20 minutes of preparation time, each group gave in their list and Mr Petrus wrote it on the board – making sure he didn’t duplicate ideas (see Resource 1: Ways of earning money for their list). They discussed the lists and realised that the work is the same in some cases, whether formal or informal, paid or unpaid.
In the next lesson, they held a debate, with each group nominating a speaker to present their argument. At the end, they held a vote on whether formal or informal employment is better. Even after the vote, the pupils continued to discuss the ideas, which pleased Mr Petrus.
Use the ‘think-pair-share’ approach for pupils to identify different ways to make money and explore pupils’ employment opportunities.
Hearing from others how they do their different activities can help your pupils understand what variety of jobs there are and what they would like to do themselves. Inviting a guest to talk to them about what they do can help pupils understand how a particular kind of work is done. Taking pupils outside school will excite and motivate them and give real weight to how they see many jobs.
Key Resource: Using the local community/environment as a resource provides guidelines on inviting visitors to your classroom.
To help her pupils develop the concepts of work and employment, and understand the importance of work, Standard 5 teacher Aisha talked to her pupils about work and the future. She found that most of her class wanted to go to university so that they could get good jobs and earn lots of money. Most of them wanted to move to the city.
To show her pupils real-life experiences, Aisha invited a local shopkeeper to come to the school and tell the pupils how he started his business. They learned that starting a shop and running it involves hard work. It also needs money; he got a loan from the government to start his business. He had paid back nearly all of his loan and would soon own his business.
Aisha also invited a friend of hers, Anyango, who used to live in their village but had gone to university and now worked in a bank in the city. Anyango explained that she had always wanted to work in a bank and she had studied hard to become an accountant.
After the visits, the class held a debate on whether it is better to stay in your village and run your own business or to go to university and get a job. The class had learned much about how work and employment were related to their efforts at school and in the wider community.
Take your class (or in smaller groups, in turns) to a local market and let them see what happens there. Pair the pupils carefully to make sure they stay focused on the task and do not get distracted while out of school. Prepare for the activity by arranging with some of the market traders to answer some questions from the pupils about their business. You will need to prepare a worksheet/questionnaire for your pupils (see Resource 2: Worksheet for the visit to the market). If you do not have the resources to make a worksheet, then in the previous lesson write some questions on the board and ask the pupils to copy them into their books – leaving spaces for the answers they will get at the market. Also, ask the pupils what they want to find out and add these questions to the list.
If you think it is more appropriate, you could take the class to a local bank or other place of employment, but you will still need to plan this and have some questions or tasks for them to do or ask when there. After the visit, the pupils can write up and/or discuss what they learned about work. Summarise these thoughts on the board.
In the previous activities, your pupils have found out more about work and employment through group work and have also heard life experiences of people who are employed or earn a living.
In the Key Activity, you give pupils the opportunity to be involved in a task that will extend their skills and which they might be able to use to gain an income.
Case Study 3 shows how one teacher set up a mini-enterprise to give her pupils experience of work and employment.
Mrs Maingi is a vocational skills teacher in a primary school in a small town in Kenya. Near the school there are three tailoring shops. The area around the tailoring shops was littered with small pieces of cloth that the tailors had thrown away. Mrs Maingi and her class thought that they could use the pieces of cloth to make useful items during their needlework lessons. She asked the tailors to collect all the pieces of cloth for her instead of throwing them away.
Mrs Maingi used the cloth to teach the pupils how to sew. They cut, neatly hemmed and stitched them to make handkerchiefs, scarves and small tablecloths. Since most of the pupils did not have a handkerchief or scarf, each pupil was given one. The rest of the handkerchiefs and the small tablecloths were sold at very reasonable prices in school and the village.
One boy and one girl were chosen to record how much money they were paid. They also had to pay for the needles and threads they used. The profit was used to buy sugar to put into their porridge. The pupils were very happy because there was no more littering from the tailors and they could now take porridge with sugar.
It is now time to put all your pupils’ knowledge about work and employment to the test by doing an activity that will benefit the school or home. Resource 3: Barrina Primary School, Kenya, school garden gives an example of a school in Kenya making a garden to provide food and sell surplus as part of a project.
Example of pupils' work
Pupil use
1. | How many market stalls are there in the market? |
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2. | What different goods are sold there? |
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3. | Who owns/is in charge of the market? |
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4. | What are the opening hours? |
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5. | Where is the next nearest market? |
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For one market trader, pupils could ask:
1. | How did you start your business? |
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2. | Where do the goods come from that you sell? |
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3. | How do you calculate your selling prices? |
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4. | How do you calculate your profits? |
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5. | What form of transport do you use to come to market? |
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6. | How far from the market do you live? |
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7. | What is the biggest problem for the market traders? |
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Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
The garden was established to grow food crops. Teachers have been encouraged to develop ideas for curriculum activities through the designing, development and management of the gardens. Other schools in India and the UK are also doing the same so they can share ideas. Students from the age of 9 to 13 are participating in the scheme.
During lessons students consider questions about:
Attitudes to growing food vary around the world. Many children in the West know little about how food is produced or where it comes from. This lack of understanding about the connection between food, lifestyles and nutrition is often reflected in diet. Most children in rural Africa and India know how food is produced, but may consider farming as a low-status occupation.
Gardens for Life, which is the project that this school joined, aims to increase pupils’ knowledge and awareness of food and their understanding of other ways of life around the world. As the gardens have developed, the pupils have gained hands-on skills in horticulture. Improved practices have been introduced. For example, water catchment schemes have resulted in improved yields. In some cases, pumps and micro-irrigation systems have been installed. Learning has not been limited to horticulture – experiences from the gardens are brought back into the classroom in other curriculum areas such as science, geography, global citizenship and maths. Materials are now being developed to support these curriculum areas.
The produce from the gardens is used to provide meals for schoolchildren, providing a vital component in their diet as sometimes this is the main meal that they get during the day. Food security is enhanced as these gardens are able to provide a regular supply of food. Any surplus provides profits for the school when it is sold to the local community where it is much appreciated. Pupils can see that viable businesses can be based on horticulture. Links with the local community are being strengthened as knowledge and experiences between the pupils and farmers are shared.
Adapted from: http://www.handsontv.info (Accessed 2008)
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources:
Photographs and images
The children from Barrina Primary School, Kenya, are digging their garden in preparation for planting:Original source: http://www.handsontv.info
Text
Resource 3: Barrina Primary School, Kenya, school garden: Adapted from: http://www.handsontv.info (Accessed 2008)
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Key Focus Question: How can you gather data to develop pupils’ learning about the environment?
Keywords: environment; data gathering; assessment; diaries; real-life stories
By the end of this section, you will have:
A major issue across the world is the impact that people have on their environment. If we use up or misuse resources and pollute the environment we have a negative effect on wildlife and crops, and we run the risk of damaging the world for future generations.
As a teacher, and a responsible citizen, you need to be aware of environmental matters and act as a role model for your pupils as well as helping them to understand the issues. You can do this best by giving them activities that involve gathering information about the environment, both locally and more widely, and using what they find out to think about the consequences of different actions.
Learning about some of the complex concepts about the environment needs you as the teacher to break down the ideas into smaller parts and build up the picture in a logical way. Pupils find this easier if you take think about the ideas they already have and you use the local environment to show them how these ideas relate to their situation.
There are many ways to do this. This first part of the section focuses on gathering information from your pupils’ own experiences to explore the concepts and their own responsibilities and rights.
Mrs Namhlane in Nigeria was starting a topic on the local environment with her large Primary 2 class, looking at the importance of water in everyone’s life.
To stimulate her pupils’ interest in the topic, she decided to set up a class research project. First, she asked them to get into groups of six to eight people who lived in the same part of the community and told them that there were three people coming into school next day – one from each part of the community – to talk about how they got and used water. She asked them to think about and write down questions to ask. These area groups shared their questions together so that each area group could check they had thought about all aspects.
The next day, each visitor talked, either in the classroom or outside under a tree, with pupils from their area. The groups asked their questions in different ways – in one group different pupils asked one question each, in another group a girl and a boy asked all the questions and the others took notes.
After the visit, pupils were asked to list three important things they had found out and report to the whole class. Mrs Namhlane asked each group in turn to tell what they had found out but not to repeat any answer already recorded on the board.
They then discussed the problems that there were about water and thought of possible solutions (see Resource 1: Problems of getting water).
Ask your pupils to keep a ‘water diary’ for one week. They will record (perhaps on a wall chart) how much water they use and what they use it for (see Resource 2: Water usage diary for a possible template).
After a week, ask them to work in groups and to list all the uses in their group and then put them in the order of which activities use most water and which use least. Display each list on the wall and allow them to read each other’s lists before having a final session together discussing the issues about water in their area.
You may want to consider questions like: Where does our water come from? Does everyone have access to water? Is our water clean and safe? How could our water services be improved? How can we help?
You could also link this activity to number work (by looking at the data – the amount of water used), to science (why water is essential to life) and to social studies (the problems of providing water in some parts of Africa).
Drawing is a useful way to explore pupils’ ideas about any topic. It allows them to show their ideas without having to speak aloud or be able to write. It is especially useful with young pupils and provides a way for them to talk about their ideas. The drawings do not have to be of a high standard but have to tell a story or show an idea.
Using stories is another way of encouraging pupils to think more deeply about a problem. It removes the focus from the individual and allows pupils to talk more openly. Stories can also provide a wider perspective for pupils and give them inspiration. Case Study 2 and Activity 2 show how you could use both techniques in your classroom.
Mr Ngede read Resource 3: The story of the selfish farmer to his class to stimulate their ideas about the Earth and its resources.
He then gave his pupils a small piece of paper and asked them to draw a picture of ‘why the farmer was selfish’.
He explained the idea carefully and encouraged them not to copy, but think of their own ideas. As the pupils finished, they stuck their pictures on the wall. Mr Ngede asked some pupils to say what their drawings were about and he tried to guess what some were. The pupils enjoyed this very much.
Next, he led a discussion about how important it was for everyone to look after the land. They listed together on the board how people in the local community used the land and looked after it.
He then asked them some questions, which they discussed in groups. For example:
More can be found in Resource 4: Questions concerning use of the land.
As a class, they thought about the questions and shared some ideas.
At the end of the day, Mr Ngede asked the pupils to look on their way home at all the different ways the land was being used and to come back the next day with any that could be added to their list.
This activity looks more widely at the importance of looking after our environment. Resource 5: Sebastian Chuwa tells the story of a Tanzanian man who has inspired communities to come together to solve environmental problems. Read this before you plan your lesson.
As a teacher, you need to help pupils understand their responsibility to their environment in ways that stimulate their interest and develop a caring attitude towards it. In the Key Activity, a poster campaign is used as a stimulus and in Case Study 3, a small-scale project is described that shows how different groups can interact in order to make a difference.
As the pupils work through such a project, your role is to be well prepared to anticipate some of their needs and provide resources to support their learning. If you have a large class, you will have to think how you can involve all your pupils and perhaps divide the tasks up between groups. With younger pupils, you may have to plan to do something on a much smaller scale and involve some members of the community in helping you more.
A class in Ngombe school in Iringa decided to launch a ‘clean-up’ campaign. Their teacher Mrs Mboya had been working on a cross-curricular theme with the title ‘looking after our land’.
Having spent one morning walking around the school and the area just outside it, Mrs Mboya and her class discussed what they had seen. They listed everything they liked about the area and also those areas or things they would like to change or improve.
They decided they could work on two small areas to clean up the environment – the school playground and the local stream. The class was divided into two groups with two teams working in each area. The teams discussed what they could do and then shared their ideas with their other team. They agreed who would do which tasks and then each team worked out its own action plan for the week, around school hours.
The class carried out the clean-up over a one-week period. They then made a display in the school hall that showed:
The assembly went well and many pupils from other classes were pleased at the work done and helped to keep the school area tidier.
This activity builds on your pupils’ raised awareness of litter and waste management and takes a step-by-step approach to learning through action.
Step 1 – Ask the class (perhaps working in pairs) to identify litter and waste issues in and around the school. Select one issue (probably the one that was mentioned the most).
Step 2 – Work with the class to design a ‘plan of action’. To do this, ask each pair to suggest ways of solving the problem. Make sure that the agreed plan of action you develop is realistic and can be attempted by the class. Give out tasks to groups of pupils.
Make the plan into a large poster with deadlines that can be displayed on the class walls.
Step 3 – Take action: this might involve days or months of work but make sure each group keeps a record of what they do, when and in which order.
Step 4 – As they complete each part of the action plan, ask them to record their progress on the poster.
Step 5 – On completion, reflect on the success of the action with the class. What went well? What did they learn? What were the problems? What could they do to extend this idea? Is the area staying clean?
Example of pupils' work
Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils
Pupil use
Each time you use water to have a drink or cook, etc. put a tick in the appropriate box.
Drinking | Cooking | Washing | Cleaning the house | Other | |
Monday | |||||
Tuesday | |||||
Wednesday | |||||
Thursday | |||||
Friday |
Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils
There was once a young farmer, who had a wife and two children, who lived in a small village. The farmer had inherited his farm from his hardworking grandfather whom he loved. While being sad at the death of his grandfather, the farmer was pleased to be his own boss and own all the land.
He was a hardworking young man and he maintained the farm as well, if not better, than his grandfather. He had learned a lot from his grandfather but also had learned well at school and read all about different ways to preserve water and tend the ground, which increased his crops. However, he was not like his grandfather in that he would not share his ideas or extra produce with other farmers and growers in the village.
The villagers were surprised when they went to ask for some seeds or advice to be told to get off his land. His wife was not happy about this but respected his views. The villagers watched what he did and some tried to copy the things he did but without as much success. Others just laughed or moaned about what he was doing.
One very dry season, the crops in the village did not do well. There was little water as the stream had dried up and there was a long walk of over six kilometres to the next source of water, which meant that only water for drinking was brought back.
The selfish farmer, however, had plenty of water and food, but did not help villagers who came to seek help. His wife begged him but he did not change his mind. He had put up guttering and sheets to catch the rainwater and stored this in big drums that he had collected so when the drought came he was able to water his plants, which grew as well as ever.
As it got hotter and hotter and drier and drier, people’s crops began to fail and many were hungry. The wife tried to persuade her husband to help the villagers. The children tried to persuade their father, but he would not listen. He said he had worked hard and it was his and the others were lazy or had not planned ahead.
However, one day, a very thin and ragged man came to the farm to ask for food for his ill wife. The farmer shouted at him to go away but his wife stopped him and said: ‘Don’t you recognise your cousin?’ The farmer was shocked at how thin and old his cousin looked. The cousin explained how he’d tried to save water but failed, and so his crops failed.
The farmer told him what he could do next time. But his wife said he is too weak to do this unless you give him and his wife food. The farmer relented and gave the cousin food. The cousin returned a week later saying his wife was getting better and could he have more food. The farmer was going to say no but his wife told him that they were so hungry it would not be enough to give just one lot of food. The farmer gave the food and over the next few days he slowly changed his ideas as he thought about how selfish and thoughtless he had been to his grandfather’s memory and to his neighbours. So he asked the villagers to his farm and shared his food with them and promised to help them prepare better for the next crops.
Pupil use
1. | How many different ways can we use the land? Make a list. |
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2. | Why is it important to look after the land? |
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3. | Why are some people more selfish than others? Why should we share our land? |
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4. | How can we encourage people to share? Should we share everything? |
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5. | Do we look after our land well? |
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6. | Who else do we share our land with? |
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7. | How can we look after the land better? |
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8. | What can we, as a class, do to look after the school land? |
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Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils
Sebastian Chuwa is a man with a vision for his country, his people and the future generations who will inherit their legacy. For 30 years he has been actively studying environmental problems in his east African homeland of Tanzania, and the solutions he has found offer results that benefit not only the land, but all the populations that depend on it for life and sustenance. His methods are based on the two primary objectives of community activism – organising people to address their problems at a local level, and youth education – influencing the teaching of conservation in schools, beginning at the primary level.
He has inspired large groups of community volunteers to come together to solve not only their environmental problems, but problems of poverty alleviation, women’s empowerment and youth employment within the area of Kilimanjaro Region in northern Tanzania. His efforts on behalf of African blackwood have created the first large-scale replanting effort of the species. Because of the establishment of multiple community nurseries and numerous cooperative projects geared towards reforestation over the past decade, in 2004 the ABCP and the youth groups associated with Sebastian’s work celebrated the planting of one million trees. The ever-expanding nature of his work has given him and his community a reputation as leaders in the field of Tanzanian conservation.
In 1996, James Harris, an ornamental turner from Texas, USA, and Sebastian Chuwa founded the African Blackwood Conservation Project (ABCP), to establish educational and replanting efforts for the botanical species Dalbergia melanoxylon, known as mpingo in its home range of eastern Africa. The wood of mpingo is widely used by African carvers and by European instrument manufacturers for the production of clarinets, flutes, oboes, bagpipes and piccolos. Because of overharvesting and the lack of any efforts directed towards replanting the species, its continued existence is threatened.
In 1995, James Harris, who uses mpingo in his craft, saw The Tree of Music film in the US and determined to do something for the conservation of the species. He made contact with Sebastian by mail and proposed a joint effort: he would launch a fundraising effort among woodworkers, musicians and conservationists of the western world, and send the money to Sebastian to start tree nurseries in Tanzania. The project was enthusiastically endorsed by Mr Chuwa. Since that first contact, the ABCP has become a leading force for mpingo conservation in northern Tanzania, founding nurseries for the production of large numbers of mpingo seedlings and raising awareness about the importance of the species internationally.
Sebastian Chuwa’s childhood home was on the southern slope of Mt Kilimanjaro at 4,900’ elevation. He learned to love nature at an early age from his father and mentor, Michael Iwaku Chuwa, who was a herbalist. Together they would take long forays into the forests to collect plants for the remedies his father used in his work. On these expeditions over many years he learned the names of the plants and trees of Kilimanjaro’s abundant flora. His love for the natural world continues to this day and is the guiding force behind his work.
After finishing secondary school, he studied at Mweka College of Wildlife Management and after his graduation was hired as a conservator at Ngorongoro Conservation Area. During his 17 years of employment there, he studied and catalogued the plants of the area, discovering four new species (of which two are named in his honour) and assembling a herbarium of 30,000 plants at the visitor’s centre for the use of visitors and staff personnel. Because of his considerable knowledge about the flora of the area, he worked with Mary Leakey at nearby Oldavai Gorge, identifying plants in the area of the Leakey early hominid discoveries. At Ngorongoro, he also instituted a successful protection programme for the endangered black rhinoceros, which was duplicated in other African locales.
Ngorongoro Park is a co-management area where the Maasai communities still live with their cattle herds. During his employment at the park, Sebastian worked closely with the Maasai, studying their medicinal remedies and setting up tree nurseries for their use. He also set up the first youth conservation education programme in Tanzania for Maasai children, focusing on practical activities like establishing tree seedling nurseries and replanting programmes. This club was so successful that it became the blueprint for a nationwide movement, called Malihai Clubs of Tanzania (see below), established in 1985, with offices at NgorongoroPark headquarters in Arusha and now operating nationwide with about 1,000 clubs.
In 1999, Sebastian was honoured with an appointment as chairman of Kilimanjaro Environmental Conservation Management Trust Fund by the Regional Government Authority of Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. This office automatically makes him a member of the Regional Environmental Conservation Committee. His valuable contributions to environmental conservation will be amplified through this position.
Adapted from: http://www.blackwoodconservation.org (Accessed 2008)
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources:
Text
History of the African Blackwood Conservation Project: Adapted from: http://www.blackwoodconservation.org (Accessed 2008)
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Key Focus Question: How can you teach a sensitive topic like HIV and AIDS in a constructive and supportive manner?
Keywords: preparation; active learning; sensitivity; quizzes; role play; HIV and AIDS
By the end of this section, you will have:
As a primary teacher, you will be aware of the importance of helping your pupils deal with the impact of HIV and AIDS on their lives, in terms of knowledge about the facts of HIV and AIDS, the safety of their own health and the health of others.
This is a difficult subject for some teachers and pupils to cope with and for that reason some teachers prefer to ‘leave it to the experts’. However, there are many ways you can provide a sensitive learning environment to help your pupils explore this topic if you plan carefully. This section will help you to prepare and plan using a variety of resources – colleagues, outside experts, text and the Internet. You will develop skills in using role play in your teaching about HIV and AIDS and create some classroom rules to provide a supportive learning environment. This section does not cover everything to do with HIV and AIDS but does help show approaches you could use.
You are probably facing two specific challenges when preparing lessons on HIV and AIDS. The first is confidence in your own knowledge and the second is that it is a sensitive subject and potentially difficult to teach. If there are any doubts in your own mind about whether HIV and AIDS education should be taught in school, you should discuss it with your head teacher. However, it is important that everyone understands about HIV and AIDS.
It is critical that you are well prepared before you bring up this topic with your pupils. You must know the facts and prepare yourself to answer questions that may be difficult for you. This part will help you to prepare yourself well to teach HIV and AIDS.
You should also think about the pupils in your class and how each pupil might respond to this topic. What you cover will depend very much on the age of your pupils and how much you believe they know about the subject already.
Mrs Shikongo in Tanzania was preparing herself to teach her Grade 4 class about HIV and AIDS and she was rather nervous. What if the children asked questions she couldn’t answer? She knew it was important to be properly prepared and thought about how she could do this. She made some notes of the things she needed to do.
Having done her planning, Mrs Shikongo taught her first lesson on HIV and AIDS. Her class were nervous at first but as the lesson went on they listened and participated well. Many of them talked about the lesson during break time. Some asked her questions that she said she would answer in the next class.
Prepare yourself by researching the facts of HIV and AIDS and thinking about how you will teach it to your pupils. (See Resource 1: HIV and AIDS in Africafor information and useful Internet links you could use.)
Make notes, thinking about the following:
Plan your introductory lesson.
Discipline is important in every classroom. However, the topic of HIV and AIDS can cause pupils to react differently to the way they behave in other lessons. In Module 1, Section 4 you devised classroom rules. You may find that you need to extend those rules to encourage open discussions about HIV and AIDS and sexual activity. It can be a helpful lead in to the topic to discuss with your class why special rules are needed and ask them to suggest the rules themselves.
Resource 2: The classroom atmosphere gives some guidelines on how to make sure the classroom is an enabling environment in which your pupils can explore the topic of HIV/AIDS.
Chinyere was very tired – it had been a difficult day. She is a student teacher on practical teaching at JosPrimary School and her mentor had asked her to teach some lessons to Primaries 4, 5 and 6 on HIV and AIDS. She did not feel very confident. They had been given some sessions on this at college (see Resource 2), which helped her prepare. She had been confident about working with the younger pupils, but had been very concerned about the Primary 6 class. There are a lot of older boys in that class and Chinyere felt sure they would disrupt the lessons.
She was right; she had just started the first lesson about developing the new classroom rules when Thomas started to ask her questions about her own sex life. She was shocked at first, but she quickly told him not to be personal and carried on. Then, during group work, the class had got very rowdy and noisy with lots of laughter and her mentor had come to see what all the noise was about.
Chinyere split up the noisy boys’ group, but when they were giving feedback Thomas and his friends kept describing explicit sexual behaviour to make the class laugh and make her embarrassed. She reminded them of the class rules and said they risked not being able to participate if they could not be responsible. She had dealt with them well, by ignoring most of their comments or turning the comments around to make a factual point. But it had been exhausting and she was glad when the bell went for the end of school. Next time, she would talk to these boys before the lesson about respect and what she would do if they misbehaved. She would try to help them understand the importance of the topic.
First read Resource 2.
Part of your preparation for teaching about HIV and AIDS with your class involves preparing the pupils as well as yourself. You learned earlier about developing classroom rules to help effective learning on sensitive topics. Now you need to do this with your own class.
If pupils are to learn actively, then they need to be either physically or mentally active – or both! There are many ways you can promote active learning to make sure your pupils are getting the most out of their lessons. Which methods you use to teach HIV and AIDS will depend very much on the size of your class and the age of your pupils – and also on what you know about their preferred methods of learning.
You know that role play is a good strategy to use for helping pupils discuss sensitive topics. In HIV and AIDS lessons, it will allow pupils to discuss situations that are not their own but to think about how these relate to their own experiences. This is used in the Key Activity.
Another effective method is the quiz (see Resource 3: HIV and AIDS quiz). In Case Study 3, one teacher uses a quiz activity to find out how much her primary class knows about HIV and AIDS.
Maria used the Internet to prepare herself for working on HIV and AIDS with her class. She is lucky that she is upgrading her teaching qualification through distance learning and has access to the computer room at the study centre.
She found the website listed in Resource 1 and decided to try one of the activities found there. This is set out inResource 4: Transmission runaround.
Maria followed the instructions and found that the method was very helpful in discovering some of the misconceptions her pupils had about HIV and AIDS. She also found that it took much longer with her big class of 56 pupils, and it was a bit chaotic the first time she did it.
So, the next time, she split the class into two groups and had one group write about things they knew or thought they did about HIV and AIDS while the others did the activity. In the following lesson, she swapped the groups around. Between lessons she was able to think about what the pupils already knew or thought they knew about HIV and AIDS and this helped her plan the next lesson.
Plan some role play lessons on an HIV and AIDS theme (see Key Resource: Using role play/dialogue/drama in the classroom and Resource 5: Role play for HIV/AIDS lessons) that are suitable for the age of your pupils. If they are sexually active, you might focus on prevention. Here are some examples of scenarios to use:
You could use these scenarios to discuss the problems first and then ask your pupils to role play ways to deal with the problem.
With younger pupils, you could devise role plays which deal with misconceptions such as:
Make your plan and then carry out the lesson. At the end, ask yourself: How well did it go? What did you do well? How could you improve your approach to help pupils understand and feel secure?
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
This is the web homepage of an organisation called AVERT, an international HIV and AIDS charity based in the UK, with the aim of AVERTing (preventing) HIV and AIDS worldwide.
You will find a good deal of useful information for teachers on this site.
HIV and AIDS useful facts and statistics for Sub-Saharan Africa
The AVERT site gives figures which your pupils may ask about. It also has a very useful guide to understanding the statistics.
Here is the summary of statistics for Africa. You will find more details for your own country on the website.
Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region of the world. An estimated 24.5 million people were living with HIV at the end of 2005 and approximately 2. 7 million new infections occurred during that year. In just the past year the epidemic has claimed the lives of an estimated 2 million people in this region. More than 12 million children have been orphaned by AIDS.
The extent of the epidemic is only now becoming clear in many African countries, as increasing numbers of people with HIV are becoming ill. In the absence of massively expanded prevention, treatment and care efforts, it is expected that the AIDS death toll on the continent will continue to rise. This means that the epidemic's impact on these societies will be felt most strongly in the course of the next ten years and beyond. Its social and economic consequences are already widely felt, not only in the health sector but also in education, industry, agriculture, transport, human resources and the economy in general.
HIV prevalence rates vary greatly between African countries. In Somalia and Senegal the prevalence is under 1% of the adult population, whereas in South Africa and Zambia around 15–20% of adults are infected.
In four southern African countries, the national adult HIV prevalence rate has risen higher than was thought possible and now exceeds 20%. These countries are Botswana (24.1%), Lesotho (23. 2%), Swaziland (33. 4%) and Zimbabwe (20.1%).
West Africa has been less affected by HIV, but the prevalence rates in some countries are creeping up. Prevalence is estimated to exceed 5% in Cameroon (5.4%), Côte d'Ivoire (7.1%) and Gabon (7.9%).
Until recently, the national prevalence rate has remained relatively low in Nigeria, the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The rate has grown slowly from below 2% in 1993 to 3. 9% in 2005. But some states in Nigeria are already experiencing HIV infection rates as high as those now found in Cameroon. Already around 2. 9 million Nigerians are estimated to be living with HIV.
Adapted from: http://www.avert.org/ subaadults.htm (Accessed 2008)
The first case of AIDS was identified in Nigeriain 1986 and HIV prevalence rose from 1. 8% in 1988 to 5.8% in 2001. Since 1991, the Federal Ministry of Health has carried out a National HIV/syphilis sentinel seroprevalence survey every two years. The 2003 survey estimated that there were 3,300,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, and 1,900,000 (57%) of these were women.
In the 2003 survey, the national HIV prevalence had dropped to 5% from 5.8% in 2001. However, it found that State prevalence rates varied from as low as 1. 2% in Osun State to as high as 12% in CrossRiverState. Overall, 13 of Nigeria’s 36 states had an HIV prevalence over 5%. These figures give support to the claim that there are explosive, localised epidemics in some States.
At 5.6%, HIV/AIDS prevalence is highest among young people between the ages of 20 and 24, compared with other age groups. Nigeria’s STD/HIV Control estimates that over 60% of new HIV infections are in the 15–25 year old age group.4
In 2005, it was estimated there were 220,000 deaths from AIDS, and 930,000 AIDS orphans living in Nigeria. There has been an alarming increase in the number of HIV positive children in recent years, 90% of whom contract the virus from their mothers. Currently, very few Nigerians have access to basic HIV/AIDS prevention, care, support or treatment services.
Some 80% of HIV infections in Nigeria are transmitted by heterosexual sex. Factors contributing to this include a lack of information about sexual health and HIV, low levels of condom use and high levels of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea, which make it easier for the virus to be transmitted.
Blood transfusions are responsible for about 10% of all HIV infections. There is a high demand for blood because of road traffic accidents, blood loss from surgery and childbirth, and anaemia from malaria. As there is no coordinated national blood supply system, blood isn’t routinely tested for HIV, and a recent study found that 4% of blood donors in Lagos were HIV positive.
The remaining 10% of HIV infections are acquired through other routes such as mother-to-child transmission, homosexual sex and injecting drug use. The rate of mother-to-child transmission in Nigeria has gone up in recent years as the number of HIV positive women has increased.5
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
Pupils may react to lessons on HIV and AIDS in different ways. They may:
To deal with these situations, it is important to set class rules. These must be very clear to pupils before you start. You can have pupils discuss and develop their own rules or you can start with a list and discuss if they are fair and why they are important. Your list might include:
Remember that the rules apply to the teacher as well as the pupils!
You know that your main responsibility is to make sure that you know the facts when teaching about HIV and AIDS. You must prepare thoroughly and this will help your own confidence in dealing with this difficult topic.
It is helpful to think ahead of how you might respond to pupils who believe they may have been exposed to HIV. It is important that you behave in such a way that pupils who are worried will feel comfortable seeking your advice.
It is important that you listen to any pupil who approaches you, without imposing your values, moral judgements or opinions. Try not to ask leading or suggestive questions about their behaviour.
Part of your preparation should include knowing what HIV and AIDS services are available in your community. Find out which clinics or NGOs offer advice and support to young people so you know where to refer your pupils if necessary.
Convey your concern for the pupil’s health and, when appropriate, tell them you know of services that can offer assistance. Offer to start the process by contacting the one the pupil chooses.
Continue your support by confidentially asking the pupil from time to time if they need more information, have taken any actions or are still concerned about anything related to your conversation.
Adapted from: School Health Education to Prevent AIDS & STD (1999) World Health Organisation/UNESCO
Pupil use
Here is a quiz that you can use with your pupils to test their understanding of AIDS and HIV.
Yes | No | Only Gay Men | Only Gay Women |
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38.6 million | 25.8 million | 3. 5 million |
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Because of the way they act | They look tired and ill | There is no easy way to tell |
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Yes | No | Only if you don't wash the cup |
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1997 | 1987 | 1982 |
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Condoms | Contraceptive Pills | Spermicide Jelly |
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There are no specific symptoms | A rash from head to toe | You start to look very tired |
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A virus | A bacterium | A fungus |
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Only mosquitoes | Yes | No |
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Sexually Transmitted Disease | Special Treatment Doctor | Standard Transmission Deficiency |
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Yes | No | Only available on prescription |
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1st January | 1st December | 1st June |
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0–14 years old | 15–24 years old | 25–34 years old |
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Yes, HIV is the virus that causes AIDS | No, HIV and AIDS are the same thing | Yes, AIDS is the virus that causes HIV |
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Nearly 25% | Nearly 50% | Nearly 75% |
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Yes, the risk can be made much lower | No, not at all | Only very slightly |
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Question 1.
Answer – No
Question 2.
Answer – 38.6 million
Question 3.
Answer – There is no easy way to tell
Question 4.
Answer – No
Question 5.
Answer – 1982
Question 6.
Answer – Condoms
Question 7.
Answer – There are no specific symptoms
Question 8.
Answer – A virus
Question 9.
Answer – No
Question 10.
Answer – Sexually Transmitted Disease
Question 11.
Answer – No
Question 12.
Answer – 1st December
Question 13.
Answer – 15–24 years old
Question 14.
Answer – Yes, HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Question 15.
Answer – Nearly 50%
Question 16.
Answer – Yes, the risk can be made much lower
Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils
You can use this method for any age group by adapting the questions to suit the level of the children.This description is better suited to older primary pupils.
A reasonably spacious room, to allow for free movement. Or you can move outside.
A copy of Transmission Runaround true/false question sheet for yourself and the answer sheet.
Two large sheets of paper clearly marked 'STRONGLY AGREE' and 'STRONGLY DISAGREE'.
Pins.
Time – up to 60 minutes depending on the number of statements used and the size of the group.
At the end of the exercise, it will be clear what areas of uncertainty remain. Individuals will have had a chance to think about ways of transmitting HIV, and to discuss these with other group members. It will also be clear that transmission routes for HIV are very specific e.g. it is not 'sex' that transmits the virus, but unprotected sex involving penetration. People can sometimes become quarrelsome during this exercise so you may need to intervene to settle disputes.
True | False | ||
1. | You can become infected with HIV by sleeping around | ||
2. | Injecting drugs will give you HIV | ||
3. | You can get HIV from toilet seats | ||
4. | If you are fit and healthy you won't become infected with HIV | ||
5. | Married people don't become infected with HIV | ||
6. | If you stick with one partner you won't become infected with HIV | ||
7. | Women are safe from HIV as long as they use a contraceptive | ||
8. | You can become infected with HIV from sharing toothbrushes | ||
9. | If you have sex with people who look healthy, you won't become infected with HIV | ||
10. | If you only have sex with people you know, you won't become infected with HIV | ||
11. | Anal sex between two men is more risky than anal sex between a man and a woman | ||
12. | You can become infected with HIV from kissing | ||
13. | A man can become infected with HIV if he has oral sex with a woman | ||
14. | A man can become infected with HIV if he has oral sex with a woman | ||
15. | Condoms can stop you becoming infected with HIV |
Background information / subject knowledge for teacher
When thinking about the problems for role plays, make sure they allow your pupils focus on positive reactions or behaviour. Research has indicated that scary and negative messages do not always encourage a positive change in behaviour. In a role play, pupils act out a situation spontaneously. This means they take on a role and decide what they are going to do and say on the spot. They do not rehearse or use a script. You cannot tell exactly how a role is going to develop. Role plays can:
Allow time for discussion, prompted by questions like:
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources:
Text
HIV and AIDS useful facts and statistics for Sub-Saharan Africa: Adapted from: http://www.avert.org/ subaadults.htm (Accessed 2008)
Other
Resource 1 : HIV and AIDS in Africa : http:/// www.avert.org/ (Accessed 2008)
Resource 2 : The Classroom Atmosphere : Adapted from: School Health Education to Prevent AIDS & STD (1999) World Health Organisation/UNESCO
Resource 3 : HIV and AIDS quiz : This quiz is online at http://www.avert.org/ generalquiz.htm (Accessed 2008)
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