Also known as proactive surveillance, this is ‘the investigator-initiated collection of animal health-related data using a defined protocol to perform actions that are scheduled in advance. Decisions about whether information is collected, and what information should be collected from which animals, is made by the investigator’ (Hoinville, 2013).

The quantity of antimicrobial drugs imported, manufactured and/or sold for use in human or veterinary medicine in a country. It is typically expressed as the 'defined daily dose’.

Antimicrobial drug molecules, or their metabolites, that remain in the meat of an animal after treatment, or are excreted into the environment by an animal or person, or enter the environment via water (e.g. via effluent and wastewater systems or antibiotic treatment of aquatic species) or pharmaceutical waste.

The collection, validation, analysis and reporting of relevant microbiological and epidemiological data on AMR in foodborne bacteria from humans, animals and food, and on relevant antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans and animals (WHO, 2017).

Genes that confer antibiotic resistance to bacteria. 

A microbiological test to determine whether bacteria are susceptible or resistant to an antibiotic.

The quantity of antimicrobial drugs prescribed or administered to an individual person or animal, or group of animals (e.g. herd, flock), measured at the level of healthcare facility, farm, region or country. It is typically measured as kg of antibiotics.