Bacterial membrane proteins that have an important role in cell wall synthesis. They are a specific target of beta-lactamases.

Methods that rely on observable characteristics of the strain being tested.

A circular, non-chromosomal piece of DNA often carrying genes associated with a particular function, e.g. antibiotic resistance.

A technique used to create copies of specific DNA sequences from a DNA template.

A transmembrane protein complex that allows the movement of small molecules across the bacterial outer membrane.