Acknowledgements
This free course was collaboratively written by Melanie Bannister-Tyrrell, Skye Badger and Clare Sansom, and reviewed by Siddharth Mookerjee, Claire Gordon, Natalie Moyen, Peter Taylor and Hilary MacQueen. The course was reviewed and updated by Alana Dowling, Vikki Haley and Rachel McMullan in 2025.
Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.
The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:
Images
Course image: NosorogUA/Shutterstock
Figure 1: Graphical representation by The Open University composed of data from the World Health Organization, available here: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/glass-dashboard/_w_a93b2423/#!/home.
Figures 2, 12 and 15–21: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
Figure 3: Ausvet Pty Ltd.
Figure 4: MIC EUCAST, 2025.
Figure 5: Pompilio, A., Savini, V., Fiscarelli, E., Gherardi, G., Di Bonaventura, G. (2020) Clonal Diversity, Biofilm Formation, and Antimicrobial Resistance among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains from Cystic Fibrosis and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 15. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ antibiotics9010015 . An open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 4.0/
Figure 6: Pompilio, A., Savini, V., Fiscarelli, E., Gherardi, G., Di Bonaventura, G. (2020) Clonal Diversity, Biofilm Formation, and Antimicrobial Resistance among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains from Cystic Fibrosis and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 15. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ antibiotics9010015 . An open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 4.0/
Figure 7 (table): AMC and AMR rates across antibiotic classes. Taken from Mapping AMR & AMU Partnership (MAAP) 2022 ’National Situation of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption Analysis from 2016–2018’, africacdc.org. Available from https://africacdc.org/download/mapping-antimicrobial-resistance-and-antimicrobial-use-partnership-maap-country-reports/ (Accessed 27th March 2025).
Figure 7 (graph): Africa CDC.
Figure 10: Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2017–2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. This file is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) license, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-nc-sa/ 3.0/ igo/
Figure 11: DANMAP 2019 - Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark. ISSN 1600-2032
Figure 13: https://www.who.int/initiatives/glass/country-participation (Accessed: 21 March 2025).
Figure 14: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance. © 2025 University of Washington. Available from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/microbe/?settings=eyIxIjoiYW1yIiwiMiI6ImJhciIsIjMiOiJhbXIiLCI0IjoyMiwiNSI6MSwiNiI6MiwiNyI6MiwiOCI6MTY0LCI5IjoxLCIxMiI6MSwiMTMiOjEsIjE0IjoxLCIxNSI6MSwiMTYiOjIsIjE3IjozLCIxOCI6MjAyMSwiMTkiOmZhbHNlLCIyMCI6ZmFsc2UsIjIyIjoxLCIyNCI6ImVuIiwiMjUiOiJidWdEcnVnQ29tYm8iLCIyNiI6WzEsMiwzLDQsNSw2LDcsOCw5LDEwLDIyXSwiMjciOls0LDMxLDY0LDEwMywxMzcsMTU4LDE2Nl0sIjI4IjpbMiwzLDQsNSw2LDcsOCw5LDEwLDExLDEyLDEzXSwiMjkiOlsxLDJdLCIzMCI6WzEsNywxMSwxNywyMywyMl0sIjMxIjpbIjItMSIsIjItNSIsIjItMTYiXSwiMzIiOiIxLTEiLCIzMyI6WzEsMl19 (Accessed 21 March 2025). This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Quiz question 4: Food and Drug Administration (FDA). NARMS Now. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from URL: https://www.fda.gov/ animal-veterinary/ national-antimicrobial-resistance-monitoring-system/ narms-now-integrated-data. Accessed 05/19/2021.
Tables
Table 1: Ausvet Pty Ltd
Table 2: Ausvet Pty Ltd
Table 3: Data source: Gadzhanova S, Roughead E. Analysis of 2013–2017 Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data for the National Report on Antimicrobial Use and Resistance
Tables 5–13: Ausvet Pty Ltd
Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
References
