2.4 An example of AMR transmission in a food production system

Figure 11 shows the same system used as an example in Activity 2, but we have developed the diagram to show how AMR can be transmitted by the routes discussed earlier in this section. Some routes are not shown on the figure; for example, tilapia would also enter the food chain. We have indicated some hotspots for human exposure but there are other routes.

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Figure 11 An example of AMR transmission pathways in a food production system.
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This figure is based on the same system in Figure 4, showing the tilapia production systems. A wide range of links have been added, showing possible transmission routes and exposure pathways. For example, manure or waste from broiler production may be used for fertilisation of tilapia grow-out ponds and for crop production. It could also enter the aquatic environment, which may affect homes. Chickens from broiler production will then enter the abattoir, and then markets and restaurants.

Points of antibiotic use and points where antibiotic residues or resistant bacteria may be present are also indicated.

An ‘H’ is added at the following points to indicate potential human exposure: feed factory/mill; all stages of both tilapia and broiler production; crop production; transport and processing of livestock (and the abattoir for chickens); domestic markets; restaurants; and home.

Figure 11 An example of AMR transmission pathways in a food production system.

2.3 Activities that increase the risk of AMR spread

3 Consequences of AMR for animal health, public health and the environment