Acknowledgements

This free course was collaboratively written by Heike Schmitt, Roosmarijn Luiken, Hilary MacQueen and Dawn Harmon, and reviewed by Michael Macey, Will Gaze, Stanley Fenwick and Rachel McMullan.

Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence.

The material acknowledged below is Proprietary and used under licence (not subject to Creative Commons Licence). Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this free course:

Images

Course banner: PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Universal Images Group

Figure 1: Lacy-Roberts (2025); created in BioRender, https://BioRender.com/h1tar74; this file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 2: DANMAP

Figure 3: Aworh et al. (2022) ; this file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 4: adapted from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240011007

Figure 5: Nilsson (2025); created in BioRender, https://BioRender.com/lqzgrel; this file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 6: DTU Food, GloCab

Figure 8: captured by Niamh Lacy-Roberts

Figure 10: panumas nikhomkhai/Pexels

Figure 11: Martin Lopez/Pexels