5.1 Bias in AMR studies

In this module, the focus is on systematic bias, as this includes the types of error of most relevance to studies and analyses using AMR-related data. Systematic bias can be further broken down into four different sources of error and bias (Figure 4).

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Figure 4 Classification of bias and error in epidemiology.
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A tree diagram describing different kinds of error. The second level lists the three types of error – random, systematic and confounding – and the third (bottom) level divides systematic errors into selection bias and information bias. Misclassification and measurement bias are also defined.

Figure 4 Classification of bias and error in epidemiology.

5 Error, bias and validity

5.1.1 Selection bias