References
Acosta, D., Ludgate, N., McKune, S.L. and Russo, S. (2022) ‘Who has access to livestock vaccines? Using the social-ecological model and intersectionality frameworks to identify the social barriers to peste des petits ruminants vaccines in Karamoja, Uganda’, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 831752.
ALIGN (n.d.) ‘About norms’ [online]. Available at https://www.alignplatform.org/ about-norms (accessed 6 June 2025).
American Public Health Association [YouTube user] (2016) ‘Michael Marmot and the social determinants of health’, YouTube, 1 November [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=BHYBHKma3x8 (accessed 5 June 2025).
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022) ‘Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis’, The Lancet, 399(10325), pp. 629–55.
Barasa, V. (2019) ‘WaArusha agro-pastoralist experiences with risk of febrile illness: an ethnographic study of social drivers of zoonoses and rural health-seeking behaviours in Monduli district, Northern Tanzania’, DPhil dissertation, University of Sussex, 23 October [online]. Available at: https://sussex.figshare.com/ articles/ thesis/ WaArusha_agro-pastoralist_experiences_with_risk_of_febrile_illness_an_ethnographic_study_of_social_drivers_of_zoonoses_and_rural_health-seeking_behaviours_in_Monduli_district_Northern_Tanzania/ 23472545?file=41180963 (accessed 5 June 2025).
Barasa, V. and Virhia, J. (2022) ‘Using intersectionality to identify gendered barriers to health-seeking for febrile illness in agro-pastoralist settings in Tanzania’, Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 2, 746402.
Charani, E., Mendelson, M., Ashiru-Oredope, D., Hutchinson, E., Kaur, M., McKee, M., Mpundu, M., Price, J. R., Shafiq, N. and Holmes, A. (2021) ‘Navigating sociocultural disparities in relation to infection and antibiotic resistance – the need for an intersectional approach’, JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 3(4), dlab123.
Cocker, D., Sammarro, M., Chidziwisano, K., Elviss, N., Jacob, S.T., Kajumbula, H., Mugisha, L., Musoke, D., Musicha, P., Roberts, A.P. and Rowlingson, B. (2023) ‘Drivers of resistance in Uganda and Malawi (DRUM): a protocol for the evaluation of one-health drivers of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) resistance in low-middle income countries (LMICs)’, Wellcome Open Research, 7, p. 55.
Collins, T. (2023) ‘Putting gender and equity at the heart of the Fleming Fund’s next phase’, programme update, 24 March [online]. Available at: https://www.flemingfund.org/ publications/ putting-gender-and-equity-at-the-heart-of-the-fleming-funds-next-phase/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Crenshaw, K. (2013) ‘Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics’, in Maschke, K. (ed.) Feminist Legal Theories, pp. 23–51, New York, NY: Routledge.
Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. (1991) Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health: Background Document to WHO – Strategy Paper for Europe, Institute for Future Studies [online]. Available at: https://www.iffs.se/ publikationer/ arbetsrapporter/ policies-and-strategies-to-promote-social-equity-in-health/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Davis et al. (2025) [forthcoming].
Davis, K., Mavhu, W. and Steege, R. (2024) What’s gender got to do with it? Results from the GEAR up consortium systematic review on gender and equity in AMR in LMICs, research poster on behalf of the GEAR up Consortium [online]. Available at: https://gearupaction.org/ tools-and-resources/ poster-whats-gender-got-to-do-with-it/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Deering, K.N., Lyons, T., Feng, C.X., Nosyk, B., Strathdee, S.A., Montaner, J.S. and Shannon, K. (2013) ‘Client demands for unsafe sex: the socioeconomic risk environment for HIV among street and off-street sex workers’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 63(4), pp. 522–31.
Dias, S.P., Brouwer, M.C. and van de Beek, D. (2022) ‘Sex and gender differences in bacterial infections’, Infection and Immunity, 90(10), pp. e00283-22.
Enahoro, D., Galiè, A., Abukari, Y., Chiwanga, G.H., Kelly, T.R., Kahamba, J., Massawe, F.A., Mapunda, F., Jumba, H., Weber, C., Dione, M., Kayang, B. and Ouma, E. (2021) ‘Strategies to upgrade animal health delivery in village poultry systems: perspectives of stakeholders from northern Ghana and central zones in Tanzania’, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 611357.
Gautron, J.M., Tu Thanh, G., Barasa, V. and Voltolina, G. (2023) ‘Using intersectionality to study gender and antimicrobial resistance in low-and middle-income countries’, Health Policy and Planning, 38(9), pp. 1017–32.
GEAR up (2024a) ‘Including intersectional indicators within AMR surveillance’, 8 October [online]. Available at: https://gearupaction.org/ tools-and-resources/ draft-including-intersectional-indicators-within-amr-surveillance/ (accessed 5 June 2025).
GEAR up (2024b) ‘Moving beyond bugs and drugs: Integrating gender and equity in AMR programmes in Uganda’, 13 December [online]. Available at: https://gearupaction.org/moving-beyond-bugs-and-drugs-integrating-gender-and-equity-in-amr-programmes-in-uganda/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Ghouri, F. and Hollywood, A. (2020) ‘Antibiotic prescribing in primary care for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnancy: an audit study’, Medical Sciences, 8, pp. 40–49.
Global Health 5050 (n.d.) ‘Why gender and health?’ [online]. Available at: https://global5050.org/ gender-and-health/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Hankivsky, O., Cormier, R. and De Merich, D.I. (2009) Moving Women’s Health Research and Policy Forward. Vancouver: Women’s Health Research Network.
Harper, C., Khan, A., Browne, E. and Michalko, J. (2025) ‘There’s not enough money – so why spend it on gender equality and justice?’, expert comment, ODI Global, 14 March [online]. Available at: https://odi.org/ en/ insights/ theres-not-enough-money-so-why-spend-it-on-gender-equality-and-justice/ (accessed 6 August 2025).
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) (2024) ‘With Trump’s election, global reproductive justice is at risk, and health services threatened across continents’, 8 November [online]. Available at: https://www.ippf.org/ media-center/ trumps-election-global-reproductive-justice-risk-and-health-services-threatened-across (accessed 6 June 2025).
Jumba, H., Teufel, N., Baltenweck, I., de Haan, N., Kiara, H., and Owuor, G. (2020) ‘Use of the infection and treatment method in the control of East Coast fever in Kenya: does gender matter for adoption and impact?’, Gender, Technology and Development, 24(3), pp. 297–313.
Kaswa, M., Minga, G., Nkiere, N., Mingiedi, B., Eloko, G., Nguhiu, P. and Garcia Baena, I. (2021) ‘The economic burden of TB-affected households in DR Congo’, The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 25(11), pp. 923–32.
Kiekens, A., Mosha, I.H., Zlatić, L., Bwire, G.M., Mangara, A., Dierckx de Casterlé, B., Decouttere, C., Vandaele, N., Sangeda, R.Z., Swalehe, O. and Cottone, P. (2021) ‘Factors associated with HIV drug resistance in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: analysis of a complex adaptive system’, Pathogens, 10(12), p. 1535.
Kyotos, K.B., Oduma, J., Wahome, R.G., Kaluwa, C., Abdirahman, F.A., Opondoh, A., Mbobua, J.N., Muchibi, J., Bagnol, B., Stanley, M., Rosenbaum, M. and Amuguni, J.H. (2022) ‘Gendered barriers and opportunities for women smallholder farmers in the contagious caprine pleuropneumonia vaccine value chain in Kenya’, Animals, 12(8), p. 1026.
Larson, E., George, A., Morgan, R. and Poteat, T. (2016) ‘10 best resources on … intersectionality with an emphasis on low-and middle-income countries’, Health Policy and Planning, 31(8), pp. 964–9.
Let’s Learn Public Health [YouTube user] (2017) ‘What makes us healthy? Understanding the social determinants of health’, YouTube, 25 June. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=8PH4JYfF4Ns (accessed 17 June 2025).
Lynch, I., Middleton, L., Naemiratch, B., Fluks, L. and Sobane, K. (2023) Practical Pathways to Integrating Gender and Equity Considerations in Antimicrobial Resistance Research, ICARS/IDRC [online]. Available at: https://icars-global.org/ knowledge/ practical-pathways-integrating-gender-and-equity-considerations-in-antimicrobial-resistance-research/ (accessed 6 June 2025).
Manandhar, M., Hawkes, S., Buse, K., Nosrati, E. and Magar, V. (2018) ‘Gender, health and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(9), pp. 644–53.
Marmot, M., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. and Taylor, S. (2008) ‘Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health’, The Lancet, 372(9650), pp.1661–9 [online]. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/ journals/ lancet/ article/ PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6/ abstract (accessed 6 June 2025).
Mendelson, M., Laxminarayan, R., Limmathurotsakul, D., Kariuki, S., Gyansa-Lutterodt, M., Charani, E., Singh, S., Walia, K., Gales, A.C. and Mpundu, M. (2024) ‘Antimicrobial resistance and the great divide: inequity in priorities and agendas between the Global North and the Global South threatens global mitigation of antimicrobial resistance’, The Lancet Global Health, 12(3), e516–e521.
Morgan, R., George, A., Ssali, S., Hawkins, K., Molyneux, S. and Theobald, S. (2016) ‘How to do (or not to do) … gender analysis in health systems research’, Health Policy and Planning, 31(8), pp. 1069–78.
Mukamana, L., Rosenbaum, M., Schurer, J., Miller, B., Niyitanga, F., Majyambere, D., Kabarungi. M. and Grace, D. (2022) ‘Barriers to livestock vaccine use among rural female smallholder farmers of Nyagatare District in Rwanda’, Journal of Rural and Community Development, 17(1), pp. 153–75.
Mutua, E., de Haan, N., Tumusiime, D., Jost, C. and Bett, B. (2019) ‘A qualitative study on gendered barriers to livestock vaccine uptake in Kenya and Uganda and their implications on Rift Valley fever control’, Vaccines, 7(3), p. 86.
Nadimpalli, M.L., Marks, S J., Montealegre, M.C., Gilman, R.H., Pajuelo, M.J., Saito, M., Tsukayama, P., Njenga, S.M., Kiiru, J., Swarthout, J., Islam, M.A., Julian, T.R. and Pickering, A.J. (2020) ‘Urban informal settlements as hotspots of antimicrobial resistance and the need to curb environmental transmission’, Nature Microbiology, 5, pp. 787–95.
O’Donnell, M.R., Jarand, J., Loveday, M., Padayatchi, N., Zelnick, J., Werner, L., Naidoo, K., Master, I., Osburn, G., Kvasnovsky, C. and Shean, K. (2010) ‘High incidence of hospital admissions with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among South African health care workers’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(8), pp. 516–22.
Oladimeji, O., Atiba, B.P., Anyiam, F.E., Odugbemi, B.A., Afolaranmi, T., Zoakah, A.I. and Horsburgh, C.R. (2023) ‘Gender and drug-resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria’, Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(2), p. 104.
Pérez-Cuevas, R., Doubova, S. V., Wirtz, V.J., Servan-Mori, E., Dreser, A. and Hernández-Ávila, M. (2014) ‘Effects of the expansion of doctors’ offices adjacent to private pharmacies in Mexico: secondary data analysis of a national survey’, BMJ Open, 4(5), e004669.
ReAct (n.d.) Scoping the Significance of Gender for Antibiotic Resistance [online]. Available at: https://www.reactgroup.org/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2020/ 09/ Scoping-the-Significance-of-Gender-for-Antibiotic-Resistance-IDS-ReAct-Report-October-2020.pdf (accessed 5 June 2025).
Schröder, W., Sommer, H., Gladstone, B.P., Foschi, F., Hellman, J., Evengard, B. and Tacconelli, E. (2016) ‘Gender differences in antibiotic prescribing in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 71(7), pp. 1800–1806.
Shembo, K.D., Kibu, O.D., Tita, A.T., Ayuk, C.N., Ebanga, I. and Esemu, N.B. (2022) ‘Treatment adherence among HIV and TB patients using single and double way mobile phone text messages: a randomized controlled trial’, Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13 August. doi: 10.1155/2022/2980141. PMID: 35996467; PMCID: PMC9392638.
Simpson, J. (2009) Everyone Belongs: A Toolkit for Applying Intersectionality, Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (CRIAW)/ICREF [online]. Available at https://www.criaw-icref.ca/ publications/ everyone-belongs-a-toolkit-for-applying-intersectionality/ (accessed 5 June 2025).
Taylor, H.A., Dowdy, D.W., Searle, A.R., Stennett, A.L., Dukhanin, V., Zwerling, A.A. and Merritt, M.W. (2022) ‘Disadvantage and the experience of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)’, SSM-Qualitative Research in Health, 2, p. 100042.
TDR [YouTube user] (2024) ‘Gender and intersectionality in infectious diseases: Ghana’, YouTube, 14 June [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=MDoRf-hFlNI (accessed 17 June 2025).
TED [YouTube user] (2016) ‘The urgency of intersectionality | Kimberlé Crenshaw | TED’, YouTube, 7 December [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=akOe5-UsQ2o (accessed 5 June 2025).
TED [YouTube user] (2020) ‘What if the poor were part of city planning? | Smruti Jukur Johari’, 28 February [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=sBQv41YbdCk (accessed 17 June 2025).
Tropical Medicine Oxford [YouTube user] (2024) ‘Sonia Lewycka: One Health interventions to combat antimicrobial resistance’, YouTube, 17 September [online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=CImiMU6Rdps (accessed 5 June 2025).
Tukahirwa, L., Mugisha, A., Kyewalabye, E., Nsibirano, R., Kabahango, P., Kusiimakwe, D., Mugabi, K., Bikaako, W., Miller, B., Bagnol, B., Yawe, A., Stanley, M. and Amuguni, H. (2023) ‘Women smallholder farmers’ engagement in the vaccine chain in Sembabule District, Uganda: barriers and opportunities’, Development in Practice, 33(4), pp. 416–33.
UN Women (2015) ‘Preventing conflict transforming justice securing the peace: a global study on the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325’, 12 October [online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/ peacebuilding/ sites/ www.un.org.peacebuilding/ files/ documents/ globalstudywps_en_web.pdf (accessed 6 June 2025).
United Nations (UN) (1966) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [online]. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/ en/ instruments-mechanisms/ instruments/ international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights (accessed 6 June 2025).
United Nations (UN) (n.d. 1) ‘Sustainable Development Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’ [online]. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/ goals/ goal5 (accessed 6 June 2025).
United Nations (UN) (n.d. 2) ‘UN Women Strategic Plan 2022–2025’ [online]. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/ en/ un-women-strategic-plan-2022-2025 (accessed 6 June 2025).
Willis, L.D. and Chandler, C. (2019) ‘Quick fix for care, productivity, hygiene and inequality: reframing the entrenched problem of antibiotic overuse’, BMJ Global Health, 4, e001590 [online]. Available at: https://gh.bmj.com/ content/ 4/ 4/ e001590 (accessed 5 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) Global Action Plan to Control the Spread and Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Geneva: WHO [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ 9789241503501 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Together: Working Paper 1.0 – Multisectoral Coordination, Geneva: WHO [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ tackling-antimicrobial-resistance-together-working-paper-1.0-multisectoral-coordination (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Incorporating Intersectional Gender Analysis into Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty: A Toolkit for Health Researchers, Geneva: WHO, 15 September [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ 9789240008458 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2023) People-centred Approach to Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Health: WHO Core Package of Interventions to Support National Action Plans, Geneva: WHO [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ 9789240082496 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2024a) Operational Framework for Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Equity, Geneva: WHO, 18 January [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ 9789240088320 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (2024b) Addressing Gender Inequalities in National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance: Guidance to Complement the People-centred Approach, Geneva: WHO, 16 September [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ publications/ i/ item/ 9789240097278 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d. 1) ‘Health equity’ [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ health-topics/ health-equity#tab=tab_1 (accessed 6 June 2025).
World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d. 2) ‘One Health’ [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ health-topics/ one-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed 6 June 2025).
Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Waltner-Toews, D., Whittaker, M. and Tanner, M. (eds) (2015) One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches. Wallingford: CABI.
Further reading and resources

