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...epidemiology, explains how antibodies protect against viral infections and how the incidence of antibodies can be used to track an epidemic. The course incorporates an interactive on-line assay (ELISA) of the type that is used to detect antibodies against COVID-19 infection. The samples in the assay correspond to serum-samples from the UK population in August 2021, when a...

...epidemiology and more widely in medical statistics. Section 1 introduces cohort studies in which individuals are classified according to their exposure and followed forward in time to evaluate disease outcomes. Section 2 looks at models for cohort studies. Section 3 introduces case-control studies in which individuals are selected according to their disease status and...

...Epidemiological modelling is a tool used to predict these patterns based on information we know, and scientists consider a broad range of factors that influence spread. A disease’s transmission depends on modelling many things, including the number of infected, susceptible, and recovered people, not at a single time point but changing over time. Also, the impact of any...

...epidemiology. Based on 481 patients who have died from COVID-19, the Italian Superior Institute of Health reported several diseases that were more frequently associated with COVID-19-related deaths. Underlying condition Number of patients Percentage (%) Hypertension 355 73.8 Diabetes mellitus 163 33.9 Cardiovascular ischemia 145 30.1 Atrial fibrillation 106 22 Chronic...