Freshwater rewilding
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2 Wetlands
2.1 The importance of wetlands
Wetlands are critically important for several reasons.
Click on or hover over each numbered hotspot on the image below to learn more.
- Carbon storage – Wetlands are significant carbon sinks, sequestering carbon in their vegetation and soils. The dense plant life in wetlands captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and stores it in plant biomass and soil organic matter. This process helps to mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Peatlands, a type of wetland, are particularly effective at storing carbon and hold more carbon per unit area than forests.
- Water purification – Wetlands act as natural water filters, playing a significant role in improving water quality. They trap sediments, absorb pollutants, and break down harmful substances through biological processes. Plants in wetlands, such as reeds and cattails, can absorb heavy metals and other contaminants, preventing them from entering water bodies. This natural filtration system helps to maintain clean water, which is vital for both human consumption and the health of aquatic ecosystems.
- Flood control – One of the critical functions of wetlands is their ability to absorb and store excess water during heavy rains and floods. Wetlands act like sponges, soaking up water and releasing it slowly over time. This capacity to manage water flow reduces the risk of flooding downstream, protecting communities and infrastructure. By mitigating flood impacts, wetlands contribute to the safety and stability of human settlements and agricultural lands.
- Biodiversity – Wetlands are incredibly rich in biodiversity, providing essential habitats for a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are rare or endangered. These ecosystems support a variety of life forms, from microorganisms and plants to birds, fish, and mammals. The complex structure of wetlands, with their mix of water and land, creates diverse microhabitats that cater to the needs of different species. This biodiversity is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and resilience, as it ensures that ecosystems can recover from disturbances and continue to function effectively.
- Recreation and education – Wetlands offer numerous opportunities for recreation, education and scientific research, enhancing human wellbeing. They provide scenic landscapes for activities such as birdwatching, hiking, and photography.
