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How do natural disasters affect mental health?

Updated Tuesday, 10 April 2018
Understanding why suicide rates in Puerto Rico have risen by a third since Hurricane Maria could help us prepare for future natural disasters. Jane Palmer explains.

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Residents wave from the roof of a house, bottom right, in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, Oct. 14, 2017 Residents wave from the roof of a house, bottom right, in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, Oct. 14, 2017, to signal a helicopter crew for help, in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria

When Hurricane Maria made landfall on Puerto Rico, it didn’t just flatten houses and flood hospitals – it plunged the island into a darkness that many islanders have yet to emerge from, both literally and metaphorically.

The catastrophe sent the island into the longest blackout in US history. Six months after the disaster, many residents are still without access to power. “Such prolonged darkness is insidious to community mental health,” says Oxiris Barbot, First Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.

Barbot visited the island as a relief worker two months after the disaster and found nearly everyone she met knew someone in their immediate circle or one degree removed who had contemplated or died by suicide. Preliminary data from Puerto Rico’s health department suggests that suicides were up nearly a third in September and October compared to the same period for 2016. 

Physicians know that extreme events can have negative impacts on mental health, causing symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). But in a recent paper, researchers admitted that much is still unknown about the consequences of disasters on long-term behavioural health.

In Puerto Rico, most of the islanders were unable to evacuate and so weathered the full trauma of the storm. Some were isolated and without assistance for days or weeks afterwards. In the following months, many faced hardships such as bereavements, loss of income and limited access to fresh water and food.

It’s an experience that could leave a lasting imprint. “Exposure to trauma not only affects you in the moment, it affects you for the rest of your life if you don’t have access to support services that will help you develop effective coping skills,” Barbot says.

But little is known about how survivors of extreme events respond relative to the help they receive, according to Sandro Galea, Dean at the Boston University School of Public Health. He says scientists need to investigate the most effective post-disaster responses to both physical and mental health challenges: “The stigma that you can just ‘get over’ mental illness remains. In truth, one can get over mental illness roughly the same way one can get over a broken bone by oneself – with difficulty, and likely in a way that will not result in proper healing.”

Public health researchers need to invest in research that prepares health systems for the next extreme event, Galea says. The first step would be to identify at-risk populations from both a physical and mental health perspective. Then health workers could act to create resilience and mitigate the consequences in vulnerable communities.

Doing such research now, before the next hurricane hits, could reap significant financial savings in disaster response efforts. “The payoff is enormous,” Galea says. “And if we ask the right questions, we can mitigate mental health consequences that cost people’s lives.” 

This article was originally published in Mosaic under a CC-BY licence

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