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...cortex. [Described image] Figure 4 Mean levels (± SEMs)of (a) adrenocorticotrophic hormone, ACTH, and (b) cortisol, in the blood; (c) heart rate in women who underwent a Trier social stress test. The shaded area shows the duration of the Trier test. Statistically significant differences between groups are indicated on the figure as follows: * between controls and ELS/no...

...cortex and hippocampus). This is why many people report it feels harder to learn new things in later life than as a child and remembering and paying attention to information can feel harder with age. These changes are due to more than one thing: changes in neurotransmitters and neurones (the highways of the brain); the presence of plaques (protein clumps) and tangles...

...cortex. Studies using brain scanning have shown that this part of the brain is especially active during such tests. Being reasonably fluent with words is important for communication. However, being able to produce lots of words very quickly is not a measure of intelligence! Here are some tests to measure your verbal fluency. You will need: a stopwatch, or a watch or clock...

...cortex for cognitive processing (Martin et al., 2016). The speed at which this is processed provides humans with the means of reacting very quickly to a threat, but can produce a multitude of false alarms. This process is known as the ‘quick and dirty’ pathway (Le Doux, 1997). The other way the brain processes startling stimulus is in the neocortex pathway (Mauri,...

...cortex of the superior temporal lobe on both sides of the brain (though there is also another pathway to the amygdala, not shown on the figure). Neurons in the auditory cortex generally respond to information from the ear on the opposite side of the body, though some integration of information from the two ears occurs at the brainstem level. [Figure 12] Martini et al....