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...solid or liquid, are diffused into the surface of component(s), particularly those made from low carbon steels. Changes to the chemical composition of the surface (austenite) lead to high carbon content in the surface material, which when quenched transforms to a hard coating (martensite)...[Images to demonstrate 'Carbonitriding / carburising' - see article ] Manufacture:...

...liquid and solid states. The small black arrows represent relative velocities of atoms or molecules in the liquid and gas. If you could take a snapshot of the atoms in a liquid or a gas, you would see a random or disordered arrangement. Another snapshot, taken a fraction of a second later, would look different. So, the internal structures of liquids and gases are...

...liquid resin cannot support isolated islands of solid material. So, a complex shape like the propeller shown in Figure 15 would need additional supports added to the design. The supports are often referred to as scaffolding, which would be removed after building. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is another process which involves the application of semisolid polymer beads,...

...sang “Here am I, sitting in a tin can, far above the world”) we will watch with fascination as first Colonel Tim and then Major Tim float out of the ISS airlock to complete their scheduled tasks. It sounds glamorous to be an astronaut – but is it? After mending the SSU together, the two astronauts will go to different parts of the ISS, one to fix a valve and change...

...solids and powder Low strength, poor moisture resistance Paper, cork, textiles, wood, some plastics Industrial packaging and other rapid set assemblies Elastomers Natural and reclaim rubbers, acrylonitrile butadiene, polyurethane, polychloroprene silicone, butyl Films, solvent dispersions and water emulsions High peel strength and flexibility, but low shear strength and...

...liquid form and then solidifies cutting – material is selectively removed to reveal the shape forming – material is manipulated to shape while remaining solid joining – separate objects are brought together and attached to each other powder – material in powder form is shaped and then consolidated into a solid There are two additional categories. Additive...