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...economic burden in absence from work, lost productivity and healthcare costs. Until fairly recently, the mechanisms by which pain was perceived were poorly understood. Its treatment was by means of empirically-derived medicines or by attempting to relieve the underlying cause of the pain with surgery. One visible clinical manifestation that often accompanies pain is...

...economic activity' that supports our modern industrialised lifestyle. Perhaps because we have been born into this 'civilisation', rather than chosen it, the depth of our dependence on its intricate, interlocking systems of supply is not so obvious. We expect our food to appear in shops, water to be on tap, sewage to disappear without thought or effort, power to come from...

...economic environment. The existing knowledge base of individuals and organisations will bias their perception of a problem and how it can be solved. The organisation may suffer from unconscious incompetence, not being aware of what it does not know. These two factors, environmental change and perception of the nature of the problem, increase the degree of uncertainty that...