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...modes of thought, which humans have evolved to survive on Earth, allow us to work out so much about remote objects we can’t see. It’s almost as though the Universe is there specifically for us to exercise our ingenuity and to see how far it takes us. Now, to get very far in astronomy, or any other science, you need to know some maths. And this week is probably the...

...et al., 2013). Ironically, many REE are used for so-called ‘cleantech’ applications such as renewable energy or green transportation, moving us away from an economy driven by energy with a high carbon footprint, and because of this they are thought of as green. However, we have seen in this section that current REE production is a big environmental pollutant, but with...

...mode of proceeding at present adopted is of the most hopeless character. The models of electro-magnetic engines exhibited have much in them which is exceedingly ingenious; but, although working well as models, they do not promise to work with regularity or economy on the large scale; and for the present we must rest content to burn coals in our furnace rather than zinc in...

...modes of deformation cause internal friction, which heats the interior of the satellite. So, even in a synchronously rotating satellite tidal heating can continue, though at a much slower rate than for a rapidly rotating satellite. The rate of tidal heating’s negligible within the Moon, but it does account for the geological activity in most of the satellites of the...