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...classed as unfit, and these were divided into the wounded (uolnerati), the ill (aegri), and those with eye disease. The Latin word for those with this last condition is lippientes, which relates to the word lippitudo meaning ‘inflammation’. It’s striking that people with inflamed eyes were seen as a separate category of the sick. Eye disease may have been the most...

...nation. “There is not a single politician,” agreed the Spanish thinker Joaquin Xavier de Uriz, writing in 1801, “who does not accept the clear fact that the greatest possible number of law-abiding and hard-working men constitutes the happiness, strength and wealth of any state”. Statesmen and public-spirited individuals therefore devoted attention to building this healthy population. It was the productivity puzzle of the ......

...De re publica) and ‘On Laws’ (De legibus), inspired by Plato’s similarly named Republic and Laws, along with a great deal of new technical vocabulary for expressing philosophical ideas which until that point could only be expressed satisfactorily in Greek. Much of this work took place in a short burst of productivity during the years 45 and 44 BCE. We can only...

...de la Societé Française de Philosophie 63, no. 3 (1969). © Society of College of France. Colour Plate 1: Front cover of Helen Langdon's Caravaggio: a Life, Chatto & Windus, 1998, hardback. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group Ltd. Colour Plate 2: Caravaggio, St John the Baptist (Youth with a Ram),1602, oil on canvas, 132 × 97 cm, Musei Capitolini, Rome....