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...2). Compliance to those rules is enforced through known incentives or sanctions. In other words, institutions are the norms, rules, habits, customs and routines (both formal and written, or, more often, informal and internalised) which govern society at large. They influence the function, structure and behaviour of organisations – ‘groups of individuals bound by some...

...2 Slave trading company sign (Price, Birch and Co), Alexandria, Virginia 1863 However, slavery in the early modern period was not confined only to the transatlantic trade. Some Europeans were also captured and turned into slaves by pirates from the Barbary Coast, who carried out attacks on European ships. Barbary pirates (or Barbary corsairs) originated primarily from...

...2 Why the four key development challenges? - In the previous sections you read about how global issues affect and connect people and places across the globe. Problems caused by hunger, poverty, and migration have led to planned and purposeful interventions seeking to address the issues and to improve the lives of those affected. Yet patterns of poverty persist throughout...