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...circulation figures for books and newspapers; public and circulating library borrowing records have been uncovered to demonstrate how often various titles were requested; the contents of private libraries have been catalogued; and even literacy rates have been used to estimate the size of the reading public. This evidence is considered to be ‘hard’ because it is...

...circulation of the blood, his drawings of hearts were consistent. It is believed that he gained his knowledge of the organ from his observations in 1513, when he examined ox hearts. He also studied pigs being slaughtered and noticed that the beat of the heart coincided with the movement of blood in the main arteries. He disproved the belief that the heart was not a muscle...

...circulated. But once the yi – barbarians, as the Chinese termed foreigners – had penetrated to the heart of its interior communications, the game was up: regardless of the fact that, at around 400 million, China’s mid-century population dwarfed Britain’s 18.5 million (1841). Little more than a month later, on 29 August 1842, China signed the Treaty of Nanjing...