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...system. Shift working, which requires people to be awake during darkness and asleep during daylight for consecutive days, can have more long-lasting effects on this mechanism. What are the effects of circadian disruption? Persistent sleep deprivation can alter cognition. For example, attention deteriorates, with reaction time slowing and lapses in attention increasing...

...systems design can help us think and act differently about food and shelter, and how we need to meet basic needs for people – and the ecosystems we are part of – in creative, reciprocal and integrated ways. References DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs). (22 February, 2024) ‘Understanding biodiversity net gain’, UK Government. Available at:...

...system in bacteria, but scientists have simplified and repurposed the system as a revolutionary genome editing technology. Like the previous methods, CRISPR/Cas9 involves an endonuclease (in this case called Cas9) that cuts DNA molecules at a selected site. It differs in that the endonuclease does not bind the DNA itself. Instead, Cas9 binds to a second molecule called...

...System to host extra-terrestrial life. Robotic spacecraft, such as NASA’s Galileo and Cassini missions, have shown that several icy moons contain vast oceans of liquid water deep below their icy surfaces, where conditions may be suitable for life. Two of the best-studied of these icy moons are Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, and Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. Enceladus...