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Two concepts of freedom
History & The Arts

Two concepts of freedom

...analysis, is what they really don't want to do. Although Berlin doesn't actually use the term, in the passage you have just read Berlin contrasts paternalism with a particular way in which the concept of positive freedom has frequently been misused. Paternalism is coercing people for their own sake. An example of paternalism is putting fluoride in drinking water, whether...
Level 2: Intermediate 20 hrs
Babylonian mathematics
Science, Maths & Technology

Babylonian mathematics

...analysis and understanding of the tablet. Although there is clearly an error somewhere along the bottom line, our pattern is equally preserved by taking it to be the column B entry that is in error, as double what it should be. This, however, disrupts the analysis in terms of generation by means of p,q pairs. The choice, then, between these two alternative errors depends...
Level 2: Intermediate 8 hrs
Exploring educational leadership
Education & Development

Exploring educational leadership

...analysis of what requires doing. Distributed leadership is where people are encouraged to show leadership for tasks that they perceive as needing attention, as a result of bottom-up analysis (Woods et al., 2004). Activity 3 Timing: Allow approximately 1 hour The video below introduces the North Bedfordshire Federation of Schools case study, which illustrates many of the...
An introduction to crime and criminology
Society, Politics & Law

An introduction to crime and criminology

...analysis of the political and economic structures of a given society. It might be said that everyone has a kind of ‘criminological imagination’. That is, whenever a crime story or other shocking or harmful event is featured in the news, people often immediately begin to imagine the circumstances that may have led to the event, how the victims and their families may...
Understanding science: what we cannot know Badge icon
Science, Maths & Technology

Understanding science: what we cannot know

...data to analysis, it would embrace in a single formula the movement of the greatest bodies of the universe and those of the tiniest atom; for such an intellect nothing would be uncertain and the future just like the past would be present before its eyes. (Laplace, 1814, p.4) Laplace’s all-comprehending intelligence is now famously known as ‘Laplace’s demon’. It is...
Birth of a drug
Science, Maths & Technology

Birth of a drug

...data reported to establish unambiguously the structures of the new compounds. In reading this paper you should not attempt to commit to memory the details of the syntheses described, nor should you let yourself become bogged down by some of the pharmacological terms. Instead, concentrate mainly on the chemistry. Note that norepinephrine is just the alternative name for...
Level 3: Advanced 4 hrs
Inside the mind of a simultaneous translator
Languages

Inside the mind of a simultaneous translator

...data didn’t prove terribly useful, partly because complex behaviours don’t tend to be controlled by individual brain areas. Now the emphasis has shifted to understanding how different areas interact. Neuroscientists have learned that when we consider a potential purchase, for example, a network of areas that includes the prefrontal cortex and insula helps us decide...
Marketing communications as a strategic function
Money & Business

Marketing communications as a strategic function

...data interchange (EDI) and the use of intranets are symptoms of this development in practice, as traditional distribution intermediaries are complemented, and in some cases replaced, by a new breed of ‘infomediaries’ connecting marketers to customers. Push and pull strategies are not mutually exclusive. For example, an advertising campaign directed solely at the end...