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...Solar System bodies from contamination by Earth life and protecting Earth from possible life forms that may be returned from other Solar System bodies.​ Approaches to this taken by space agencies and mission teams have changed over the 60 years of Mars exploration and will continue to adapt to new scientific understanding of the planet and of life itself. However, the...

...Energy are fast reactors and thorium. ...Special topic 1: Fast reactors Nearly all of the reactors for the generation of electricity in operation are ‘thermal’ reactors, such as the PWR type described earlier. The term thermal refers to the slowing down of the fast neutrons emitted in nuclear fission (energies measured in MeV) to energies characteristic of the...

...energy, will be explored. You will also look at the various types of particle reactions, and the fundamental interactions that govern their behaviour. Subatomic particles are the building blocks of the Universe and an understanding of the reactions between these particles is crucial in order to have an appreciation of how the Universe works, how it began, and how we came...

...Solar System, it is important that we do not accidentally contaminate untouched and unspoilt extraterrestrial environments in any way. In this free course you will learn about ‘Planetary Protection’ and why it is critical for our future exploration and use of space. This course has been developed with support from the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Planetary...

...energy for this kind of exercise, it’s darn hot out in the desert? So let’s see if we can work out how much energy our ambulance crew would expend to get that truck up the slope. One way of doing this is to use trigonometry. What the crew are effectively doing is lifting the truck up vertically from the bottom of the slope to the top. We know that they have a distance...

...solar system’s ninth planet upon discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. He’d been looking for a planet where faulty data suggested a planet-sized body was perturbing the orbit of Neptune. This, he felt, was it – and the world agreed. Pluto’s mass was at first thought to be roughly the same as the Earth’s, but by 1948 estimates had shrunk it to the size of Mars....