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...systems to be highly flexible. Examples of this flexibility are: the same type of receptor can be coupled to different signalling pathways in different cell types; the signal can be amplified (or damped down) as it travels along the signalling pathway; it can switch on multiple pathways, leading to several cellular responses in diverse regions of the cell; information can...

...system and primitive methods effectively prevented any advance or interest in developing the science for its own sake. It served the needs of everyday life …., and that was enough. G. J. Toomer. A careful study of the Rhind Papyrus convinced me several years ago that this work is not a mere selection of practical problems especially useful to determine land values, and...

...systems are faced with the challenge of controlling new infections that can spread globally in a very short time. Similarly, trade routes still transport infected goods within countries as they have always done, but air freight enables infectious agents in foodstuffs to travel between continents in less than a day. Globalisation requires global responses to prevent...