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...World War II and to bolster Britain’s depleted workforce. In 1948 the UK and Colonies citizenship was created. Accordingly, every citizen of the Commonwealth had the right to reside in the UK. Estimates suggest this could have meant as many as 800 million people. There were arrivals from all over the Commonwealth. But host communities were not offered enough by way of...

...world, from West Africa to Southeast Asia. This phenomenon came to be known as “closing the Gate of Ijtihad,” to indicate that there is no theological space for new creative juridical thinking. There was, of course, no “Gate of Ijtihad” to be closed, and nobody had the authority to close the gate even if one had existed. The metaphor, however, highlighted the...

...world making of them? Writing in the New Yorker, Pankaj Mishra suggests that Donald Trump is fulfilling a prediction made by Rousseau: Rousseau’s rejoinders to cosmopolitan commercialism have constituted the basic stock-in-trade of cultural and economic nationalists worldwide. Poland’s ruling Law and Justice Party, which is busy purging pro-E.U. “liberal élites”...